Efficiency Of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Essay Example for Free

Efficiency Of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Essay Solid waste has become an urban issue that gives evidence to the greatly increasing economic activities in the municipalities and poses a challenge thereto. As both an issue and a challenge, it requires a collaboration of efforts from the government and the private citizens of the municipalities. Related issues that would have to be checked and considered as well include the need for a change in the people’s overall lifestyle, their manner of resource consumption and allocation of their increasing income. The socio-economic, legal, health, environmental and cultural aspects of the municipalities would have to be revisited and made to contribute to the solid waste management programs of the government. (Jhaet. al. , 2007). Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a type of waste that, in particular, is not carried by water or air. The Federal Government of United States of America defines solid waste as any discarded material that is not excluded (40 CFR 261. 2; Mihelcic and Hutzler, 1999). Therefore, MSW is composed of the degradable, the partially degradable, and the non-degradable wastes. Degradable MSW includes paper, textiles, food wastes, straw and yard wastes; partially degradable waste includes wood and sludge, and non-degradable wastes include leather, plastics, rubber, metal, glass, dust and electronic waste. (Jha et. al. , 2007). The collection and disposal of the domestic wastes – whether degradable or non-degradable – over a period of years over-burdens the landfill. The continuous loading, dumping and subsequent accumulation of garbage all have a long-term effect on the environment (Sharholy et. al. , 2007). Hence, there is a growing awareness of the need to study the negative impact of solid wastes on the environment and human health, particularly in the areas adjoining the landfill sites (Srinivas, 1998). One city in India that is burdened by the dilemma caused by the rising volume of its MSW generation is Chennai. Chennai is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is located at 13. 04 degrees latitude and 80 degrees longitude in Southern India. It is one of the four major metropolitan cities in India – the other three being New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata – with a total area coverage of 174 sq km, 19 km in length and 9 km in width (Figure 1) (Chennai Map, 2000). The population in Chennai has reached five million. One of the oldest corporations in India is the Corporation of Chennai, which was established on the 29th of 1688 by the East India Company (COC, 2004). Corporation of Chennai is the civic body that governs the city of Chennai. With the mayor as its head, the Corporation of Chennai has 155 councilors representing the 155 wards of the city. (Wikipedia) To do its mandate, the Corporation of Chennai has various departments attending to their respective duties and tasks. The departments are as follows: the Council Department, the General Administration, the Financial Management Unit, the Land Estate Department, the Revenue Department, the Health Department, the Family Welfare Department, the Education Department, the Parks Play Fields, and the Engineering Departments. The latter, in turn, are namely as follows: the Works Department, the Mechanical Engineering Department, the Electrical Department, the Buildings Department, the Storm Water Drain Department, the Bridges Department, and the Solid Waste Management Department. (COC website) Thus, the Corporation of Chennai is involved in the general upkeep and administration of the city, and the SWM in Chennai is but one of its concerns. The past 20 years has brought in industrial development to Chennai, and with it came both population growth and increased MSW generation (Esaku, 2007). The Corporation of Chennai has divided the area into ten zones for MSW collection and clearing (COC, 2004). The wastes generated by these ten zones are collected by either the Corporation of Chennai or the Neel Metal Fanlca, a private municipal solid waste collection body. The collection system involves getting the garbage through door-to-door visits and the setting up of garbage bins by the roadside in the streets. The collected wastes are transported via heavy mechanical vehicles (HMVs) or light mechanical vehicles (LMVs) to the transfer stations or directly to the city’s two dump sites, namely, the Perungudi and the Kodungaiyur dump sites. These wastes are mostly yet to be segregated; they are predominantly made up of organic and debris wastes (Sharholy, 2008). The segregation of wastes, though, is not effectively achieved in Chennai as a whole. Source or domestic segregation is practiced in a few areas in Chennai. Such practice contributes to the recycling of wastes like paper, plastic and metals. Still, it remains that the major contributors of recycled wastes are the rag pickers who collect wastes from the dumpsites and the municipal bins. Chennai, the fourth largest metropolitan city in India, currently faces the problem of having to efficiently handle and dispose of its growing volume of MSW (Esaku, 2007). The average volume of its generated MSW has increased from 600 tons/day to 3500 tons/day (Esaku, 2007). There has hitherto been no concrete and effective management measure taken to counteract this problem. Chennai is also accounted for having the highest per capita waste generation in India (Sharholy, 2008). The inefficiency of the garbage collection system in Chennai is due to the improper distribution of manpower, the ineffective work force, the incompetent collection methodology, the lack of public awareness and the scarce civic sense among the people. My study focuses on determining whether the allotment of additional manpower and vehicles for MSW collection would improve the efficiency of the garbage collection and disposal system of Chennai. My hypothesis is that proper allocation of manpower and vehicles to each zone, if implemented right by the Corporation of Chennai and the Neel Metal Fanalca, will significantly increase the efficiency of MSW collection and disposal in the city. My study would help the Corporation of Chennai and the Neel Metal Fanalca to improve the MSW collection and disposal in the city of Chennai. The city has been dubbed as â€Å"The City Beautiful† (COC website). To preserve its status as a place of beauty, the city government and its people should then act fast to solve the problems caused by the mounting volume of MSW continuously generated therein.

Marlon Brando :: Biographies Biography

Marlon Brando was born on April 3rd 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, the third and last child of Dorothy Pennebaker Brando and Marlon Brando, Senior. He had two sisters Jocelyn and Frances and was descended from Irish immigrants. In 1935, his parents separated, and his mother moved with her three children to Santa Ana in Orange County, California. Two years later, in 1937, his parents were reconciled again, and the family moved to Libertyville, Illinois, north of Chicago near Lake Michigan. (Bosworth, 2004) In 1940, he was sent to a military boarding school - Shattuck Military Academy in Fairbult, Minnesota, from which he was eventually expelled for insubordination. In 1943, Brando relocated to New York City to study the Stanislavsky method under Stella Adler. (Editor, 2004) Brando's, first film was Fred Zinnemann's The Men in 1950. In 1951, he played in A Streetcar Named Desire .The role he performed in that movie earned him the first of four consecutive Best Actor Academy Award nominations. He followed up with impressive, very individualistic performances as a Mexican revolutionary in Viva Zapata in 1952 and as Marc Anthony in Joseph L Mankiewicz's adaptation of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in 1953. (Maltin, 2004) In 1954, he performed in On the Waterfront, as a washed-up boxer. His great performance in the movie won him an Academy Award. In1956, he performed in Sayonara, for which he garnered another Oscar nomination. (Editor, 2004) In 1957, he married Anna Kashfi but unfortunately their marriage only lasted for two years. In 1962, he married Mivta but their marriage also did not last for a long time, and they divorced in 1963.Some of his movies in 60’s were, Mutiny On The Bounty in 1962, The Ugly American in 1967,and Reflections in a Golden Eye in 1967. (Editor, 2004) The Brando renaissance began with 1972's The Godfather. Against the objections of Paramount, director Francis Ford Coppola cast him to play the aging head of a Mafia crime family. Brando was brilliant, delivering his best performance in well over a decade. His great performance in The Godfather won him another Academy Award. (David Thomson) Brando did not appear on screen for three years, finally resurfacing in The Missouri Breaks in 1976 opposite Jack Nicholson. His next appearance, in Coppola's 1979 Vietnam epic Apocalypse Now, was largely incoherent, while for 1980's The Formula, he appeared in only three scenes. For a decade, he did not perform in any movies.

Inventory Management System Essay

He suggests, though, that for the endurance of your business and the future of your applications as a whole, you go with something like PHP that has a good solid community and is in constant development to make it and its features better. The flexibility that PHP offers also means that the possibility for someone to write nasty code that works (for now) goes up greatly. * Adobe Dreamweaver [Heaton (1998)] According to Heaton (1998), he states that,â€Å"I personally recommend Dreamweaver to both learners and seasoned experts’ think Adobe can make is more accessible to people by having various versions of it much like Elements is a poor man’s Photoshop, there should be a cut down version of DW. So in my opinion  no, it is not just an overpriced text editor. Dreamweaver is a powerful and highly applicable tool that every designer should be able to own. * Inventory [Donald Reimer (1989)] According to Donald Reimer (1989), â€Å"Today, maintaining the right inventory levels is a tough challenge. If not properly managed, your inventory can result in a significant expense. Looking over your shoulder is the lender who is concerned about the cost of carrying too much inventory- which can affect profitability. † * Inventory System [Michael Bernacchi (2002)] According to an author Michael Bernacchi (2002),an inventory systems maintain information about activities within firms that ensure the delivery of products to customers. The subsystems that perform these functions include sales, manufacturing, warehousing, ordering, and receiving. In different firms the activities associated with each of these areas may not be strictly contained within separate subsystems, but these functions must be performed in sequence in order to have a well-run inventory control system. According to Godwin Udo (1993), given such developments, it is little wonder that business experts commonly cite inventory management as a vital element that can spell the difference between success and failure in today’s keenly competitive business world. Writing in production and inventory Management Journal, Godwin Udo described telecommunications technology as a critical organizational asset that can help a company realize important competitive gains in the area of inventory management. He noted that companies that make good use of this technology are far better equipped to succeed than those who rely on outdated or unwieldy methods of inventory control. According to Dennis Eskow (1990), automation can dramatically impact all phases of inventory management, including counting and monitoring of inventory items; recording and retrieval of item storage location; recording changes to inventory; and anticipating inventory needs, including inventory handling requirements. This is true even of stand-alone systems that are not integrated with other areas of the business, but many analysts indicate that productivity and hence profitability gains that are garnered through use of automated systems can be increased even more when a business integrates its inventory control systems with other systems such as accounting and sales to better control inventory levels. As Dennis Eskow noted in PC Week, business executives are â€Å"increasingly integrating financial data, such as accounts receivable, with sales information that includes customer histories, the goal: to control inventory quarter to quarter, so it doesn’t come back to bite the bottom line. Key components of an integrated system are general ledger, electronic data interchange, database connectivity, and connections to a range of vertical business applications. † In the latter part of the 1990’s, may businesses invested heavily in integrated order and inventory systems designed to keep inventories at a minimum and replenish stock quickly. But business owners have a variety of system integration options from which to choose, based on their needs and financial liquidity. At the same time that these integrated systems have increased in popularity, business observers have suggested that â€Å"stand-alone† systems are falling into disfavor. A 1996 study by the international Mass Retail Association, for example, concluded that stand alone Warehouse Management System Packages acquired to perform individual functions will soon become obsolete because they do not integrate well with other systems. Another development of which small business vendors should be aware is a recent trend wherein powerful retailers ask their suppliers to implement vendor-managed inventory systems; these arrangements place the responsibility for inventory management squarely on the shoulders of the vendors. Under such an agreement, the vendors obtain warehouse or point of sale information from the retailer and use that information to make inventory restocking decisions. The move toward automation in inventory management naturally has moved into the warehouse as well, citing various warehousing experts, Sarah Bergin contended in transportation and distribution magazine that â€Å"the key to getting productivity gains from inventory management is placing real-time processing in the ware house uses combinations of hardware including material handling and data collection technologies, but according to these executive, the intelligent part of the system is sophisticated software which automates and controls all aspects of warehouse operations. Another important component of good inventory management is creation and maintenance of a sensible, effective warehousing design. A well-organized, user-friendly warehouse layout can be of enormous benefit to small business owners, especially if they are involved in processing large colymes of goods and materials. Conversely, an inefficient warehouse system can cost businesses dearly in terms of efficiency, custom er service, and ultimately profitability. Transportation and distribution magazine cited several steps that businesses utilizing warehouse storage systems can take to help ensure that they get the most out of their facilities.

Managing Global Business The General Electric / Mckinsey...

Managing Global Business The organization is global and participates in most national markets so if it is not currently stateless, it is well on its way to being stateless. Ghemawat (2011) â€Å"reckons† that a large majority of the top executives at GE are Americans which may simply be a side effect of the corporation having been founded in the U.S. and headquartered in the U.S. GE takes different modes of entry in to foreign markets, depending on the market and the competitive environment. Their approach is tailored based on the market and they have taken the right approach more times than not. GE is so adept at analyzing new markets their strategy for such analysis has become something of a business standard. The General Electric/McKinsey†¦show more content†¦Some GE employees in the U.S. are represented by two unions, the International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers - Communications Workers of America (IUE-CWA) and the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE). Union members were due to vote on a new collective bargaining agreement on June 30th, 2015, which was endorsed by both unions (GE Announces Details of Proposed Labor Contracts, 2015, Para. 1-2). Also, In China, GE has negotiated collective bargaining agreements with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions representing 20,000 GE employees in that nation (Labor Relations - GE Sustainability, 2017, Para. 4). GE has numerous expatriate employees in overseas positions. Catalanello and Redding (1989) argued that GE’s success with their human capital is based on the training they provide to them (as cited in Jain and Agrawal, 2005, P. 83). The training provided to its expatriate employees helps to build competitive advantages at GE. Expatriates, when visiting a foreign country on business would need a basic understanding of that nation’s culture, as it relates to business. Being able to say please and thank you in the native language can go a long way to building productive relationships with foreign nationals. Although, as business has become more global, business people understand there are cultural differences and are generally tolerant of visitors that do not understand, or have a working knowledge of theirShow MoreRelatedGe Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Electric (GE) was founded by Thomas Edison in 1878 as a way for him to fund his research into electric lig ht. Only one year later in 1879 he accomplished that mission when he created the first incandescent light. 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