Nature vs. Nurture Essay Example for Free

Nature vs. Nurture Essay It is a matter of concern whether human behaviors and characteristics are determined by nature or nurture. If a person’s behavior is inherited directly from the genes of his/her parents or other biological factors, then it is the nature that determines his character. But if the environment that a person grew up in, affects his behavior, then it is the nurture that determines his/her character. It became a great matter of controversy among scientists, psychologists and sociologists. Previously, many people believed that human behavior was instinctive. It can neither be taught nor learned. But later some psychologists came to the conclusion that human behavior is learned throughout the lifetime which is not instinctive. I believe that it is the combination of both nature and nurture that determine one’s characteristics. Nature only or nurture only cannot be the determining factors for one’s behavior and characteristic. A person’s behavior is determined by the equal blend of nature and nurture. Brent Staples in his essay â€Å"Black Men and Pubic Space† proves that one’s character cannot always be determined by their race which is a biological factor or one’s upbringing and society. But both the nature and the nurture affect the way one behaves, â€Å"I grew up one of the good boys, had perhaps a half dozen fistfights. In retrospect, my shyness of combat has clear sources† (Staples 315). Although the society he lived in was not good, he became a good person. It might be because of his behavior inherited from his parents and the good manner he was taught by his parents. So both nature and nurture by his parents work here and the environment of bad people didn’t affect his behavior. However, he once says that â€Å"Women are particularly vulnerable to street violence, and young black males are drastically overrepresented among the perpetrators of that violence† (Staples315). This makes the reader little confuse whether he himself is b eing racist, but he is actually trying to explain that particularly African American males commit crimes more than others because of the environment they grew up in and the choice they made. This may not be because of particularly being a black man, but because of the culture he has adopted since his childhood. Here he somehow takes the side of nurture. Many black people are assumed to be criminals. People judge them just by their appearance and the impression black people have made in today’s world. But this does not always mean that every black people are criminals and it’s  their biological factor that makes them do crimes. We can take the example of Brent Staple. Even though he was an educated and good person, many people and especially white women fear of him. But he was neither an uneducated person nor a criminal. He was brought up in a good family and properly nurtured by his parents. Therefore, nurturing became the factor for his behavior. Similarly, there are examples given by another author Amy Cunningham in her essay, â€Å"Why Women Smile†. Although she focuses primarily on a smile, she tends to explain the actual cause of one’s behavior. She explains that a smile or particularly a women’s smile comes from both natural happiness as well as the hope of people living around them,  "The behavior seems to be an equal blend of nature and nurture† (Cunningham 190). She further explains that both a normal baby and a blind baby smiles, although it may take a little longer for the blind one. It means that the smiles are natural and should not be taught in all cases. However, there are situations where people and especially women are social pressurized to smile and show a good behavior even if they don’t want to, â€Å"Evidently, a woman’s happy, willing deference is something the world wants visibly demonstrated† (Cunningham 191). It is both natural as well as nurtured along with the situations. For example: It is more likely for a child to be a doctor in the future if his dad is a doctor too. Nature plays an important role here because the intelligence of the child is inherited from his father. But if the child is not given proper care of his education or if the parents encourage him to be something rather than doctor, he may choose other professions too. If the child is given proper care and if he is psychologically prepared that he should be a doctor in the future, nature and nurture plays equal role. There are many debates still going on whether human behavior is affected by nature or nurture. Many psychologists and scientists are still researching on whether it is one’s genes or the environment that affects one’s behavior. Yes, one’s genes affect their characteristics but the environment they are cultured in also affects the way they take actions. Since childhood, people are taught moral education at school and home. They learn how to talk, behave, act and respond. These all are nurture. If they are given good lessons, they will be able to be good in the future. But if one does not get proper guidance, he will turn out to be a morally bad person. These are the examples of human behavior affected by  nurture. When we think about nature, different personality of people develops according to the genetics tendencies. For example it is likely for a person to have the habit of being aggressive if his father or his mother or any of his biological family has the same habit. Also there are many styles of talking, eating or walking that are inherited by oneâ €™s parents or biological family. Paul Theroux somehow agrees the equality of nature and nurture. In his essay â€Å"Being a Man†, he explains how nature and nurture has affected a man to be like a man. According to him a girl since her childhood is encouraged to behave in a cute way but a boy is instructed to behave roughly or so called manly, â€Å"It begins with mother encouraging little girls to say (to other adults? â€Å"Do you like my new dress?† In a sense, little girls are traditionally urged to please adults with a kind of coquettishness, while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other.† (Theroux177). This shows how a girl and a boy are nurtured differently which determines their characteristics. Healso takes the side of nature where some different behavior between men and women comes naturally, â€Å"Femininity- being lady-like-implies needing a man as witness and seducer: but masculinity celebrates the exclusive company of men† (Theroux177). We can know from th is that not only a nature of a girl or a boy separates each other from their behavior but also their parents or the environment or the nurturer encourage them to behave separately. Therefore, the behavior is determined by both nature and nurture. In conclusion, it can be stated that human behavior are both the result of nature and nurture. One can neither neglect the effect of biological factors one have on them nor disprove the behaviors that are affected by the environment one is living in. It is important for a person to have a good environment even if his biological parents are good in nature. Also, some characters are inherited from genes of one’s parents that might last forever although he is far from his parents. Therefore, both the nature as well as nurture has equal effect on determining human behavior. Work Cited Staples, Brent. Black Men and Public Space. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2012. Print Cunningham, Amy. Why Women Smile. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2012. Print Theroux, Paul. Being a Man. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2012. Print

The History Of National Curriculum Education Essay

The History Of National Curriculum Education Essay First and foremost, I am Rubatarshne d/o Vasu as a student from Kirkby International College would take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Mr. Danapalan for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout this assignment. The blessing, help and guidance given by God towards my assignment enable me to complete my assignment successfully. I would also like to thank my friends in helping me by giving support. In this assignment I have gain abundant knowledge and experiences. I have increased my level of confidence when I met headmistress, senior assistance and teachers. As a future teacher, I also learned that there are two types of activity that had been conducted in school which are school activities and class activities. Besides that, a strong bond of relationship formed between me and my former teachers. I would like to thank once again to my lecturer for giving me a task regarding on National Philosophy of education (NPE). Lastly, I would like to thank to my teachers that willing to spend time with me to conduct interview. Teachers such as Mrs. Vasugi, Mrs. Chitra and Mrs. Devanagi from Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil, Hicom, Shah Alam and Mrs. Rahinun bt Mohd Noor from Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Uda, Alor Star, Kedah Darul Aman. I learnt about their teaching and learning method which will be useful for me in future. CONTENT TOPIC PAGE National Philosophy of Education (NPE) Elements in NPE National Curriculum KBSR AND KSSR School Activity Sports Day Motivational talk Qiamullail Excell program Gotong-Royong Class Activity Role play Playing games Spelling routine QA activity Lady Bird Conclusion Appendix References 1.0 National Philosophy of Education Education play a pivotal role in Malaysia especially politically, economically, and socially ever since the independence of Malaya in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963. Since then, several education policies were being drafted and altered to meet the education needs of the people of Malaysia from time to time. In 1988, National Philosophy of Education (NPE) was formulated based on ideas and principle of policy documents. It is guide for all educational activities in Malaysia and sets the values and principles of the Malaysian education system from primary to the tertiary level. (NPE) consist of several elements to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, and physically balanced and harmonic. The first element of (NPE) is education as an on-going effort that acquiring and transferring knowledge skills and noble values which start from an early age till death. It is vital to shape personality of children which will assist them to adapt various types of changes. Next, is (NPE) also develop individual potentials. Each human being has their own hidden talents which can be nurtured and developed, abilities that should be tapped, and enhanced through social interaction with environment. Belief and obedience to God is another element of (NPE) which one must admit the existence of God and accept him as the Creator. Every individual should be fully responsible for his deeds and actions. The last element is to produce knowledgeable Malaysian citizens. We as a Malaysian citizen should have love for knowledge and strive to foster knowledge a nd implement reading culture in our daily life. So, it clearly shows that if each and everyone in the education fraternity uphold (NPE) when carrying out their tasks with full responsibilities, our educational goals will become reality. 2.0 National Curriculum There are three time types of changes in curriculum such as Old Primary School Curriculum (KLSR) before 1982, New Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) and Standard Primary School Curriculum (KSSR).Firstly, Old Primary School Curriculum. (KLSR) was implemented since the country attained its independence. In 1960, the Subject Review Committee has been established is also known as Rahman Talib Report. In addition, this level of education system is oriented to the eradiation of illiteracy. Traditional classroom is a place where a group of students will follow the learning process. In this type of classroom, students usually sit in the order of chairs and tables that are arranged line by line. For instance, students who are tall should sit at the back whereas students who are short or have poor eyesight should sit front. In accordance with the aspects of Rahman Talib Report, all students must pass in Bahasa Melayu public examination which the paper is written in Malay Language. It aims to fos ter unity among multiracial society. Next, is New Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) which was implemented in 1982 as a trial basis of new curriculum. So, in 1983 government fully implemented Integrated Primary school Curriculum which also known as (KBSR). The curriculum design based on three areas which are communication, man and environment, and development of individual (KBSR) emphasizes students study in group and interaction between teacher and students, students and students are very stressed in this (KBSR). In terms of teaching strategies, student-centered is actively approach in the process of teaching and learning. This is because it raises an interesting environment in classroom and stimulates the process of teaching and learning. The evaluation in (KBSR) emphasize in basic skills (3R) that students should be mastered which are oral, reading and writing. Students who could not master any subjects, the student will be sent to remedial classes. Remedial  classes are often used to stress the basics in a subject s uch as math or language. Lastly, Standard Primary School Curriculum (KSSR) curriculum design based on six spikes which are communication, spirituality, attitudes and values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of physical and aesthetic development of humanities, science and technology and appearance. From 2011, the primary school curriculum start to apply (KSSR) which involves changes in design, organization, content, pedagogy, time allocation, assessment methods, materials and management of the school curriculum. (KSSR) emphasized the use of different teaching approaches learning (P P) that give more emphasis and impact on students. For example, teachers teach the students by approaching to inquiry findings, solution and problem, constructivism, contextual, teaching based on future and learning based on project. Therefore, the three elements of value was added and introduced in the (KSSR) the element of creativity and innovation, entrepreneurship, information and communication technology (ICT). In short, changes in the era of globalization require a change in the balance of the education curriculum like (KLSR) before 1982, (KBSR) and (KSSR).These changes improve the quality of primary education to be more relevant to the challenges of the present and of the 21st century. It is very vital to conduct activities according to (NPE) especially in schools and universities and guides to a standard curriculum. By implementing the curriculum effectively in schools, it can develop the students cognitive, affective and psychomotor (physical) with other potentials (JERIS) in students. Here, there will be challenging round among students to compete each other. By implementing activities which are in integrated manner will make the students to think out of the box. 3.0 School Activity Recently, I have interviewed headmaster and senior assistance in two schools which are Sekolah Kebangsaan Taman Uda (SKTU) at Alor Star, Kedah and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil Hicom (SJKT) at Dengkil, Selangor. The purpose of these interviews is based on the national curriculum of the school which reflects the objective of (NPE). According to the interviews that conducted in both schools, I identify that there are two types of activities are organized in schools which are school based activities and classroom activities. Various types of activity that are organized in school aligned with (NPE). There are five main activities that carried out in school like Sports Day, Motivational Talk, Qiamullai, Excell Program and gotong-royong. First and foremost, Sports Day is carried out during the month of February annually. All the teachers and student from Standard 1 until Standard 6 are involved in this activity. A few weeks before Sports Day, student start to give their names for participate events like high broad jump, 100m race, shot put and others. After the school hours, students will start to practice the activities at school field. The importance to organize this activity is to develop students who are healthy. Sports can build up muscles and bones which eventually will make the students to become healthy. Sports day is the time where student is taught and expose to   various types of sports and learning to be cooperate in team games, be discipline as to follow the rules for each game or sport and so much more. Sports are a very healthy activity that can keep away a lot of unnecessary disease such as obese. Students can maintain their personal well-being which is aligned with (NPE). This activity can help to develop psychomotor skills in students. Another activity that was conducted in school is Motivational Talk which was given by the Sir Ismail who is one of the counselors in that school. This talk is to cater the stability of students emotions and self management for their excellence. All students are involves in this talk and given knowledge to prepare themselves for exams. It is carried out in three phases which are learning techniques, time management and emotion control. Students take the importance key features and try to improve self weakness and making use the strength to ensure excellence in their students. This activity helps to produce students who are high moral standards and responsible which is in lined with (NPE). Here, students can stabilize their emotions in a right path. Qiamulail is also one of the activities that were conducted in schools. All the Muslims students were involved in this activity while non-Muslims students were involved in Moral class. Muslims students stayed in hostel for one day to complete their prayers. Their prayers will start at early in the morning which is at 4 in the morning and ends at 5 in the evening. This activity brings a strong spiritual life and is a way to get closer to God which is highly demanded. The students also have an opportunity to build the spirit of appreciating religion and have faith in God. This activity mould students to believe in god as stated in (NPE). In this activity, students can high spirituality within themselves and avoid them to involve in immoral activities. Activity like Excell Programs which is mean by extra classes are organized in school. Participation of all students is compulsory for this activity. It has two phases which are drilling students understanding in each chapter and techniques to answer questions. Phase 1 is to improve students understanding in each chapter so that they can understand and perform well in exams while phase 2 is to give them the correct strategies to answer the questions according to exam standard. Phase 1 is done with the help of teachers at class after finishing each chapter. Phase 2 is carried out after the final assessment. The teachers will give proper techniques of answering to each subject. Here, the students will master the answering techniques when they were given to answer past year questions and exercises. Those students who improved in a particular subject they will be given reward by the headmaster. This will create enthusiasm in learning. Here, students improve their cognitive skill which hel ps to produce students who are knowledgeable and competent as stated in (NPE) The last activity that was conducted is gotong-royong. The spirit of gotong-royong is a core of culture that students should follow. Students were divided into groups to clean different types of area in schools like filed, garden, classrooms, hall and others This activity was held to nurture students to well-behave, co-operate with others, love and responsible to take care of their school, and to give awareness to students about healthy body, mind and environment. After the gotong-royong event, students will pick up rubbish on the floor anywhere in the school if they see it. It is important that cleanliness and beautification will keep the environment to be conducive and comfortable so that the teaching and learning process would be more effective. Besides, the activity actually is in line with (NPE) which is to produce balanced individual from the aspect of emotional. They love and appreciate the school, the nature, have a sense of belonging and solidarity and lastly they will becom e mature in thinking. 4.0 Class activity Besides school based activities, there are also classroom activities which are effective to students. Classroom activities should be built primarily on creating opportunities for students to express and understand meaningful language. However, the activities are based on form-focused instruction and corrective feedback which is essential for the development of students in the classrooms. Lesson plan is the guide for teachers to prepare activities for students and put varieties in order to create fun learning environment. The activities that conducted in the class are role play, playing games, spelling routine, QA activity and Lady Bird. The most interesting activity that student enjoyed is role play. Role play is an integral part of the curriculum for speaking and listening. The use of role play provides students to develop speaking and listening skills when they speak as a character, plan scenes, use dialogue and evaluate their own performance and that of others. For instance, the teacher wants to teach about occupation. The teacher can ask their students to act a teacher, doctor, shopkeeper, lawyer and others. Here, students will brainstorm their ideas to act as one of the occupation. Students get to wider their knowledge and experiences when they start to engage with other students while using signs, props, menus, and so on. The school teacher also states that this role play activity can build students confidence level when students are brave to present in front of their friends. High moral standards can be created among students to mould good behavior and produce personal well-being as stated in (NPE) Another amusing activity that carried out by teacher in classroom is playing games. There many types of games that students participated which were jigsaw puzzle, online interactive games, word a day and others. These games are great exercise for brain. It helps the students to improve their memory, spatial and pattern recognition and spelling skills. Game like word a day can create a reading environment in the classrooms. Students were told to bring newspaper cutting during English class. First, students were given instructions by teacher to look for word which they do not understand. After that, they have to look up for the meaning in dictionary and construct them into sentences. In this activity, students who collect a lot of words will be given award as a token of appreciation. Besides that, this activity also emphasizes students to read independently and wider their knowledge in terms of vocabulary. Teachers and students are putting their effort as on-going effort for excellence in order to produce knowledgeable Malaysian citizen as stated in (NPE) Next, is spelling routine which is conducted by teacher in the classroom. The most helpful way of giving spelling is to write the word down for the students using the look, cover, write, check routine which is originally devised by Peters and Cripps (1980). First the teacher writes the word for the students to look at the word and to memorize it. This can be done by tracing or copying it. The correct version is then removed or covered and asked the students to write the word from memory without any help. The students spelling is then checked against the correct version. If the spelling is correct, students can incorporate the word into their writing. If the word is incorrect when comparing the two versions, identify where the problem lies and repeat the whole procedure. This strategy helps students to memorize the correct spelling by looking at the whole word. Besides that, it helps students to get the overall visual pattern of the word which they can easily remember it. This activit y helps to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent as aligned with (NPE). Another activity that can carried out in class is Q A activity which is stand for question and answer. This activity is organized it is easy to be carried out in the class but the activity is able to create the two way interaction between teacher and student efficiently. The questions given by teacher require students to think and able to evaluate what has been taught by teacher during the lesson. In addition, the questions must be organized and good quality because it will help students to sharpen their thinking as well as to create more dynamic and effective learning environment. For instance, teacher gives questions regarding on Mathematic subject. Teacher can vary the questions into objective and subjective form which will evaluate students thinking skill. The aim of the activity is to encourage students to think creatively, innovative, logical and critical thinking in line with National curriculum which is to mold students behavior and thinking from the aspects of intellectual. Last but not least, the activity that carried out in class is Lady Bird. This activity creates for students who are slow learners. It is one the way to grab slow learners attention to study smart. Teacher lays a vital role here by giving endless support to students as they can be a good learner like others. First, it is conducted by providing a text with number of questions. The question should vary from 3 levels of aspects which are easy, average and hard. Students need to search for key words in the text and highlight or underline the key features that enable them to answer the questions. Students who are fast learner will be junior teacher for those who are slow learners. Slow learners will feel free to ask questions or clarifications to their friends without hesitations. After this session carried out, there are slow learners who are able to read after involve in this activity for three months and showed increase in each school examination. This activity persist in (NPE) by a lea st number of slow learners which will contribute in producing literacy nation in Malaysia. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion the National philosophy of Education (NPE) gives a very big impact on the development of education that involves the ministry of education, formation of various new concepts in education, curriculum, co-curriculum, schools, teachers and students. Overall this causes a great improvement of the citizen of the nation as mention in the (NPE) in the formation of balanced and harmonious individuals physically, intellectual, emotional, spiritually and socially, citizen that lives in harmony, believes in god and others. As a future teacher we should apply (NPE) in teaching and learning process so that it produce a better Malaysian citizen. 6.0 Appendix NAME BIODATA 176.JPG MRS VASUGI 45 YEARS OLD SEKOLAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN TAMIL, HICOM, SHAH ALAM HEADMISTRESS 15 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCES 180.JPG MRS. CHITRA 30 YEARS OLD SEKOLAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN TAMIL, HICOM, SHAH ALAM SENIOR ASSISTANTS 5 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCES 184.JPG MRS. DEVANAGI 35 YEARS OLD SEKOLAH JENIS KEBANGSAAN TAMIL, HICOM, SHAH ALAM ENGLISH TEACHER 10 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCES DSC_0095 Copy.JPG MRS. RAHINUN BT MOHD NOOR 58 YEARS OLD SEKOLAH KEBANGSAAN TAMAN UDA, ALOR STAR, KEDAH DARUL AMAN HEADMISTRESS 38 YEARS OF TEACHING EXPERIENCES

The Importance Of Heat Integration In Distillation Columns Engineering Essay

The Importance Of Heat Integration In Distillation Columns Engineering Essay The combination of high crude oil prices due to increasing energy demand and concern about pollution has led researchers to exploring the possibilities of more energy efficient and environmentally friendly process technologies. The importance of distillation as a separation technique has made making it more energy efficient a high priority. Consequently, many heat integrated design schemes have been produced through the decades that it has been investigated and many of these techniques are outlined in this report along with some current commercial schemes. However, this technology has not been fully commercialised and this is mainly due to the high initial investment costs and the complexities of the equipment design, control schemes and operation. There is also a lack of real experimental data that is needed in order to verify the many theoretical predictions that claim that large energy saving are possible. Several areas have been identified as in need of further research in the fu ture to hopefully allow this technology to become an industrial standard and not just a theory. Introduction 1.1 The Importance of Heat Integration in Distillation Columns The combined threat of increasing energy demands and costs, global warming and the increased dependence upon oil imported from politically unstable parts of the world have resulted in an interest in enhancing the thermodynamic efficiency of current industrial processes. Increasing energy efficiency in chemical processes not only provides economic benefits but also it leads to reduce the emissions resulting from the process operation. Distillation is perhaps the most important and widely used separation technique in the world today as it is used for about 95% of all fluid separation in the chemical industry. In the US, about 10% of the industrial energy consumption accounts for distillation while it accounts for an estimated 3% of the world energy consumption. More than 70% of the operation costs are caused by the energy expenses (Nakaiwa et al. 2003.) It is a fact that the energy consumption in distillation and CO2  gases produced in the atmosphere are strongly related as the highe r the energy demands are the larger the CO2  emissions to the atmosphere are. This is due to the energy being mostly generated through the combustion of fossil fuel. Despite its apparent importance the overall thermodynamic efficiency of a conventional distillation is only around 5-20% (Jana, 2009). Clearly, improving on this value is imperative and a top priority objective. In order to achieve this, the concept of heat integration was introduced almost 70  years ago (Jana, 2009.) The basic idea of heat integration is that the hot process streams are heat exchanged with cold process streams which results in a more economic use of resources. Consequently a whole range of heat integrated distillation schemes have been proposed. In a conventional distillation column (Figure  1) with a feed, a top product and a bottom product, heat is added at the bottom of the stripping section. In distillation, heat is used as the separating agent. The heat is conventionally supplied at the bottom reboiler in order to evaporate a liquid mixture but is lost when liquefying the overhead vapour at the reflux condenser. The temperature of this heat corresponds to the highest temperature point in the distillation column. The temperature of the heat rejected at the top of the rectifying section corresponds to the lowest temperature point in the distillation column. Thus, distillation involves the loss of heat from a higher temperature level to a lower temperature level in order to perform the work of separation. The efficiency of distillation is reduced if the heat rejected in the rectifying section of the distillation column is not reutilized (Smith, 2005.) This is the principle from which heat integration of distillation is m ainly based. Full-size image (28 K) Figure A schematic representation of a conventional distillation column (Kiran, 2012) 1.2 Benefits and Drawbacks of Heat Integration The possible benefits of heat integration tend to be potential energy savings due to greater efficiency and also less waste. Unfortunately due to a number of issues the technology has yet to be commercialised. Installation of any type of heat integration will entail a higher capital investment than that of any standard distillation column due to the increased complexity of the design. Also, the amount by which the efficiency is improved by is not always substantial in certain cases and therefore it must be considered whether the perceived benefits from the greater efficiency outweigh those of the added costs. The increased complexity can also increase the difficulty of designing, operating and controlling the system. There has also been a lack of experimental data for large scale examples to verify theoretical predictions. A successful heat integrated column design would show positive energy savings at reasonable economic figures that can be effectively operated and controlled. 2. Energy-efficient distillation techniques This section discusses some of the many heat integrated techniques that have so far been proposed with the purpose of improving the energy efficiency of separation processes. 2.1 Pseudo-Petlyuk column The thermally coupled distillation scheme was first patented by Brugma in 1937. The process is used for separating a ternary feed and consists of a conventional prefractionator and side stream tower. Both of these parts are equipped with a reboiler and a condenser. The unit is divided vertically by a wall through a set of trays in order to keep the feed stream and side product separated. It was Wolff and Skogestad (1995)who referred to this set up as a pseudo-petluk column. However, their research led to some concerns about serious issues during operation for high purity separations which would limit the effective use of this system in many cases (Wolff, 1995.) 2.2 The Divided-Wall Column The elimination of the prefractionator unit from the pseudo-Petlyk column leads to a configuration known as the divided-wall column (DWC) (Robin Smith et al, 1992.) It is displayed in figure 2. It is achieved by introducing a vertical partition into a distillation column to arrange a prefractionator and a main column inside a single shell. The advantage of this partitioned column is that a ternary mixture can be distilled into pure product streams with only one distillation structure, one condenser and one reboiler. Naturally the cost of the separation is reduced along with the number of equipment units which leads to a reduced initial investment cost. Subsequently, further research has been undertaken with for example Agrawal (2001) discussing for multicomponent mixture separation the various types of partitioned columns and their advantages and disadvantages. However, as a result of the lack of experience in design and control, the dividing wall columns were yet to be extensively used in industry. This is changing though and there has been a rapid growth in the number of units in use. In 2004 there were 40 units used worldwide (Adrian et al, 2004) Full-size image (11 K) Figure A schematic representation of a Petlyuk distillation column (also known as divided-wall column) (Jana, 2009). 2.3. Petlyuk column Petlyuk et al (1965) presented a detailed theoretical study on a divided-wall column called the Petlyuk column. This reduced Petlyuk structure involves low initial investment and consumes less energy which reduces the operating costs. However, upon comparison with a conventional distillation unit the Petlyuk column has many more degrees of freedom in both design and operation which can cause difficulty when designing the column and creating a control system. As displayed in figure 3, the two-column Petlyk configuration will commonly consist of a prefractionator connected to a distillation shell equipped with only one condenser and reboiler (Jana, 2009.). The thermal coupling in a Petyluk scheme has lead to large energy savings. Unfortunately, little progress has been made with regard to improving operation and control of the structure which hinders its usability. . Full-size image (20 K) Figure A schematic representation of a two-column Petlyuk structure. (Jana,2009) 2.4 Multi-Effect Column The basic idea of this method for separating multicomponent mixtures is to use the overhead vapour of the one column as the heat source in the reboiler for the next column. The columns may be heat integrated in the direction of the mass flow which is forward integration or back integration can be used with is in the opposite direction. A sample column that represents a multi-effect column with a prefractionator for a ternary mixture separation is displayed in figure 4. Full-size image (19 K) Figure A schematic representation of a multi-effect system for ternary (A-C) feed mixture (Jana, 2009) This integrated arrangement has been proved to provide considerable energy savings (Cheng et al, 1985.) However, the issue preventing commercialisation of the process is the operation difficulties owed to the nonlinear, multivariable and interactive nature of the process (Han et al, 1996.) More research must be undertaken to try and find appropriate solutions before there can be a more extensive use for this system and to make use of the energy saving potential. 2.5 Heat Pump-assisted Distillation Column The heat pump is mainly used as a way for increasing the thermal economy of a single distillation column. The heat pump-assisted distillation column or vapour recompression column (VRC) was implemented as an energy-efficient process for the chemical industries after an oil crisis in 1973 (Jana, 2009.) In the system the overhead vapour is pressurised by a compressor to the point where it can be condensed at an increased temperature which will supply the heat required in the reboiler. A schematic representation of this can be seen in figure 5. Full-size image (14 K) Figure A schematic representation of a heat pump-assisted distillation column (Jana, 2009) There are potentially large energy savings to be made, mainly for fractionating close boiling mixtures. This is due to the small temperature difference between the top and bottom of the column which will result in small compression ratios and consequently small compressor duties being required (De Rijke, 2007.) For a conventional distillation column attempting to fractionate the same close boiling mixture there will be a higher reflux ratio and thus larger reboiler duties would be required. The drawback for this technique is the high capital costs. Reducing the cost of running the heat pump-assisted distillation column would certainly increase its cost effectiveness and make it more viable as an option. 2.6 Heat integrated distillation column Using heat pump technology it is possible for separate rectifying columns and stripping columns to be heat integrated internally. This structure is a heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC.) Originally only part of the stripping and rectifying sections were integrated under the name of the SRV scheme but later column design has incorporated heat integration between the whole rectifying and stripping sections (Jana, 2009.) Figure 6 displays a typical partial energy integrated distillation scheme. Full-size image (26 K) Figure A schematic representation of a partial HIDiC scheme (Jana, 2009)) In this configuration the stripping column operates at pressure lower than the rectifying column. A compressor and throttling valve are installed in order to adjust the pressures. The pressure differential means there will be a corresponding difference in operating temperature which allows energy to be transferred between the two columns through heat exchangers. Reflux flow for the rectifying section and vapour flow for the stripping section is generated from the heat exchanged between the rectifying hot vapour and the stripping cold liquids. This allows the reboiler heat load to be substantially reduced. Less energy is consumed the more heat that is exchanged and through appropriate process design it can be possible for reflux and/or reboil free operations to be performed. It has been shown that the HIDiC, compared to the VRC, can lead to energy savings of about 50% (Sun et al, 2003.) However, the structure has a very complex design and requires large capital investment (Jana, 2009.) Meanwhile it has also been found find that there are many binary feed separations where HIDiC is actually less energy efficient than simple heat pump schemes using only one or two heat transfer locations. Furthermore, it was shown that the energy efficiency of HIDiC cannot be solely decided based on the feed composition or product purities as many calculations are based. A better performance indicator is the temperature profile along the height of the rectifying section relative to the corresponding temperature profile in the stripping section (Herron ,2011) Research is ongoing, focussing on the dynamics and the thermodynamic efficiency aspects while extensive research was undertaken by Suphanit (2011) focussing on optimal heat distribution depending on the column arrangement and number of heat exchangers. Suphanit also produced a couple of potential schemes display in figure 7. Full-size image (41 K) Figure Fig. 2. Internally heat-integrated distillation column (HIDiC) (a) and HIDiC constructed in a concentric column (b) (Suphanit, 2011) The development of HIDiC has now reached the pilot plant stage in some countries such as Japan and the Netherlands.  Despite this, further research, both in terms of design and hardware development issues, is still needed before this application can be fully established and accepted in commercial use while further detailed study on the economic evaluation of this column structure is needed in order to ensure its advantage over more conventional schemes (Suphanit, 2011.) 2.7 Heat Integrated Batch Distillation Column Batch distillation is generally known to be a less energy efficient option than its continuous counterpart. However, the batch distillation is extensively used in pharmaceutical, fine and specialty chemicals industry due to its greater flexibility where the demand and lifetime of the products can be uncertain and may vary significantly with time. Jana (2009) proposed a novel heat integrated batch distillation column (HIBDC.) The proposal was based on a binary batch distillation example that separates an equimolar ethanol/water mixture. In comparison with the conventional batch process, the HIBDC also includes a compressor. The produced vapour in this concentric reboiler is firstly compressed and is then introduced at the bottom of the rectifier. This results in a pressure difference between the rectifier and reboiler. Consequently, energy is exchanged from the rectifier to the reboiler through the internal wall and brings the downward liquid flow for the former and upward vapour flow for the latter. This reduces the reboiler and condenser heat loads. However, an additional compressor duty is involved in the thermally coupled column. Full-size image (28 K) Figure Schematic of a heat integrated batch distillation column (HIBDC) [D = distillate rate (kmol/h), L1 = flow rate of liquid leaving 1st tray (kmol/h), nt = top tray, Qc = condenser duty (kW), Qn = rate of internal heat transfer from nth tray (kW),R = ref reflux rate (kmol/h),  VB  =  vapor boil-up rate (kmol/h)] (Jana, 2009) From the investigation it was observed that the HIBDC system appears overwhelmingly superior to its conventional stand alone column providing a significant savings in energy as well as cost. The potential energy integration leads to achieving about 56.10% energy savings and 40.53% savings in total annual cost. However, a single example comparing different configurations does not indicate that the proposed method would perform equally successfully for all mixtures. Therefore it was proposed that further investigation would take place in the future to come to a full conclusion as to the future promise of this technique. Takamatsu et al. (1998) also performed a comparative study between the heat integrated batch distillation and the conventional batch distillation that proved the superiority of the heat integrated scheme over its conventional counterpart in terms of energy efficiency. However, no more development has been found with regard to energy-efficient batch distillation. 2. 8 Intensified Heat Integrated Ternary Distillation Column Kiran et al. (2012) extensively investigated a novel intensified heat integrated ternary distillation column (int-HITDiC.) Their objective was to show that the int-HITDiC was superior in terms of energy consumption and economics than its general form, namely the HITDiC and the conventional standalone column. It was also investigated that the traditional HITDiC scheme shows a reasonable energy household and better economic figures than the conventional standalone column. The int-HITDiC is a hybrid scheme which gets the advantage of both the HIDiC and VRC strategies. It was found that this kind of heat integration could help to improve the process design not only in terms of thermodynamic efficiency but also in terms of capital investment. The intensified scheme can be classified into two different structure based on the number of compressors: the single compressor int-HITDiC and the double compressor int-HITDiC. From experimentation it was found that the double compressor system provided the best performance in terms of cost and energy consumption where it produced a maximum energy saving of 59.15%. Another attraction of the proposed double compressor int-HITDiC was its least payback time of excess capital which was 3.44 years. The performance of this proposed thermal integration techniques was measured using a ternary distillation system. A more general conclusion regarding energy and economic viewpoints could be found by extending its application to other example processes and checking for a consistent performance. An issue that should be mentioned regarding intensification is that although economic benefit is usually achieved the operability of the column tends to be reduced. Also, if the HIDiC is sensitive to disturbances then potentially the economic, safety and environmental performance may be unfavourably affected (Kiran et al, 2012.) 2.9 Internally Heat-Integrated Reactive Distillation Processes Internally heat-integrated distillation and reactive distillation are two promising technologies that can potentially result in considerable economical benefits. Jiao et al. (2012) conducted a study regarding internally heat-integrated reactive distillation; a technology which combines internally heat-integrated distillation and reactive distillation and is employed in order to further enhance the advantages of both technologies. The study tested three ideal quaternary systems, that reactive distillation processes with internal heat integration have been designed to use, to find which had the best potential for decreasing the total annual cost. These systems are types IP  and IIP  with stoichiometric design and also type IR which has excess design. In the case of type IP which has the reaction zone located in the centre of the reactive distillation column (RDC,) M-HIRDC will provide the highest economical benefit for the endothermic and exothermic reactions, chemical equilibrium constants and various relative volatilities. Here the reaction rate in the reactive trays in the high pressure section increases while in the reactive trays located in the pressure section the reaction rate will decrease. It is desirable to use HIRDC. The reaction zone is located at the bottom of the RDC when using type IIP  . Here the process with M-HIRDC will have better economical design than that of a conventional reaction distillation process in the case of both exothermic and endothermic reactions. The M-HIRDCs reactive trays are mostly positioned in the low-pressure section. Due to low pressure and temperature values the reaction rate is also smaller. It can be concluded that there are only minimal benefits to using HIRDC. The final system, type IR, has its reaction zone placed at the top of the RDC. This process shows the smallest total annual cost for the endothermic and exothermic reactions. The reactive trays are situated in the HP section and due to the increased temperature and pressure values the reaction rate is also increased. Thus, HIRDC is again a desirable operation. In conclusion, when the reaction zone is situated at the top of the column the lowest total annual cost will be found for the RDC. 2.10 Externally Heat-Integrated Double Distillation Column Liu et al. (2011) investigated the potential of externally heat-integrated double distillation columns (EHIDDiC.) In terms of the separation of an ideal binary mixture of hypothetical components A and B, the synthesis and design of the EHIDDiC were studied with the assumption of a constant pressure elevation between the low-pressure (LP) to the high-pressure (HP) distillation columns that are involved. It was found employing between one and three external heat exchangers results in a reasonable design option for the EHIDDiC. When a number of external heat exchangers greater than three were employed the process configuration has to be carefully determined as the increase in number of stages externally heat-integrated may not actually be beneficial to the system performance. This is due to the strong mass and heat couple between the LP and HP distillation columns that are involved and reflects the unique feature of the EHIDDiC. To reduce capital investment, the total external heat exchange areas should be installed through as small a number of heat exchangers as possible. The extreme situation would be the employment of a single external heat exchanger which would need knowledge in arranging the total heat heat transfer areas between the HP and LP distillation columns involved. These findings are of great significance both to process synthesis and design. A novel decentralised control scheme was also proposed for use for EHIDDiC operation. (Liu et al, 2011.) Huang et al. (2011) investigated three different configurations for externally heat-integrated double distillation columns performances for separating a binary mixture of ethylene and ethane. The configurations were a symmetrical EHIDDiC (S-EHIDDiC), an asymmetrical EHIDDiC (A-EHIDDiC), and a simplified asymmetrical EHIDDiC (SA-EHIDDiC), which were compared with respect to aspects related to process design and controllability. It was found that the A-EHIDDiC and SA-EHIDDiC were both superior to the S-EHIDDiC in terms of thermodynamic efficiency as well as in terms of process dynamics and controllability. Upon comparing the A -EHIDDiC and SA-EHIDDiC, the latter showed similar behaviour with the former in terms of process design and controllability. These results demonstrated that the asymmetrical configuration should generally be favoured over the symmetrical one for the development of the EHIDDiC (Huang et al, 2011.) 2.11 The structured heat integrated distillation column Krikken et als (2012) recent investigation into a structured heat integrated distillation column showed that a plate-packing configuration using structured packing gave a superior performance in comparison with the HIDIC based on the plate-fin heat exchanger. Further experimentation showed that the mass transfer and heat transfer efficiency increased significantly with increasing throughput. However, this was accompanied by an increasing pressure drop per stage. By simulating an industrial scale plate-packing unit it was found that an even better performance is possible through increasing the volumetric thermal load by further optimisation of the internals. The principle of a S-HIDiC is shown in figure 9. Here the rectifier and the stripper are alternatively stacked in a sandwich of layers which creates a high surface area for the heat and mass transfer while maintaining a high voidage. Full-size image (36 K) Figure Flow scheme of an S-HIDiC.(Krikken et al, 2012) Internals are used inside the layers to optimize the HIDIC performance. In the plate-packing HIDiC, which was developed and tested in this study, both heat and mass transfer are in balance at an acceptable pressure drop. This result of this is a column design providing substantial cost and energy savings. It could be possible to optimise the column configuration even further by decreasing the number of heat integrated stages and by increasing the volumetric thermal load but research is ongoing with regard to this. It is also important to note that the results obtained were purely based on one experience with conventional packed columns so further optimisation of the performance through adjustment of the internals is required. It was also noted that in order to achieve this development of design models would be useful (Krikken et al, 2012.) 2.12 Other Noteworthy Techniques Other techniques worth mentioning but are not explored in detail here are the inter-coupled column, concentric HIDiC, the fractionating heat-exchanger (all outlined by Jana, 2009,) control systems for heat integrated distillation systems with a multicomponent stream (Amidpour et al. 2012) and membrane distillation system using heat exchanger networks (Lu et al. 2012.) 3 Industrial Applications 3.1 Using i-HIDiC to Separate a Close-boiling Mixture It has already been proven that HIDiC can be superior in terms of energy savings when compared to other thermally coupled and conventional distillation columns. In an attempt to broaden the application of the ideal integration concept the economical and operational feasibility of the i-HIDiC scheme has been explored for the use in separating components of a close-boiling multicomponent mixture. It was found to be possible to employ two ideal HIDiCs to separate a hypothetical close boiling ternary mixture and two options of a direct and indirect sequence have been considered just as with its conventional equivalent. It has been previously found that it possible to achieve 30% to 50% energy savings for the separation of two close-boiling mixtures using a HIDiC (Iwakabe et al, 2006.) However it was then found that the ideal HIDiC system is even more thermodynamically efficient than a conventional distillation system (Huang et al, 2007.) Huang et al. (2007) found a process that was conducted with minimization of the total annual cost in mind. They analysed the closed-loop controllability for the ternary mixture separation using the i-HIDiC and the intensified i-HIDiC. Upon comparison it was shown that the intensified i-HIDiC showed worse closed loop control performance with large overshoots and a longer settling out time due to the positive feedback mechanism that is involved within the intensified structure. 3.2 Heat-integrated Extractive Distillation It is not possible to separate a binary mixture which has a very low value of relative volatility as the two components will evaporate at almost the same temperature and at a similar rate. For such cases extractive distillation can be utilised where a third components called solvent (which is a high boiling and relatively non-volatile component) is added in order to alter the relative volatility of the original feed components. It has previously been investigated as to the effectiveness and operation feasibility of several energy-integrated extractive distillation technologies including the divided-wall column, Petlyuk column and heat-integrated extractive distillation scheme (Abushwireb et al, 2007.) The work included a comparison between energy-integrated extractive distillation columns and conventional extractive distillation technique based on the recovery of aromatics from pyrolysis gasoline using a solvent called  N-methylpyrolidone. The optimum design was found through using a minimal total annual cost as the objective function. The conclusion of the study was that the designed extractive distillation schemes should meet all expectations in terms of energy consumption and purity of cuts. It was shown that the heat-integrated extractive distillation configuration is the preferred option ahead of the Petlyuk column, divided-wall column and conventional column. 3.3 Separating Close-boiling Mixtures using Heat Integrated Pressure-swing Distillation Three commonly used techniques for fractionating a binary close-boiling mixture are azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation and pressure swing distillation (PSD.) The first two techniques require a third component called a solvent that enhances the relative volatility of the components that are to be separated. This can lead to certain drawbacks such as the solvent never being completely removed thus adding impurity to the products, the cost of solvent recovery, the loss of solvent and potential environmental concerns (Treybal, 1980.) These potential issues with using a solvent have allowed the PSD approach to emerge as an attractive alternative option. An important prerequisite for the use of a PSD column is that the azeotrope separate has to be pressure sensitive. Here you have a low pressure (LP) distillation column and high pressure (HP) distillation column that are combined to avoid the azeotropic point. The inclusion of the HP and LP columns in the PSD configuration allows for the possibility of heat integration to be explored. Two appropriate types of energy integration for PSD processes were shown by K. Huang et al. (2008.) The first is the condenser/reboiler type heat integration where the condenser of the HP distillation column is integrated with the reboiler of the LP distillation process. The other option is the stripping/rectifying section type heat integration where the stripping section of the LP distillation unit is coupled with the HP distillation units rectifying section. It was found that for se parating close-boiling mixtures the best option is the latter while for other types of mixtures the reverse is actually true. However it was clear that both types of heat integrated PSD column have potential for large energy savings when separating close-boiling mixtures. Yu et al. (2012) also developed a new method for separating methyal/methanol using PSD. There it was found that the fully heat-integrated pressure swing distillation process had lower costs due its energy saving capabilities. 3.4 Heat integrated Cryogenic Distillation Cryogenic distillation columns will generally operate at extremely low temperatures. An example of this the process of separating air into its basic components where the process will run at about 100K (Mandler, JA.et al. 1989.) This temperature is low enough that oxygen and nitrogen will be in their liquid state and can consequently be separated in the column. The cryogenic separation unit has a highly costly installation arranged with the condenser if the overhead vapour is meant to covert to liquid phase as the overhead vapour is enriched with more volatile component which has a very low boiling point. The heat integration principle can be used by coupling the reboiler and condenser in the cryogenic distillation unit in order to reduce this high energy cost. The energy that is expelled in the condenser can then be utilised in the reboiler. A heat integrated cryogenic distillation column (HICDiC) that is constructed with two smaller c

Essay --

Lowi and his collaborators established four different typology for identifying and categorizing policy: Distributive, Redistributive, Protective Regulatory and Competitive regulatory. Distributive Distributive policies take â€Å"a resource from a broad group of people and gives the resource to a narrower group (Birkland, 210).† Such policies can be controversial because typically only the small group receiving the resources benefit from them. This can lead to interest group liberalism, â€Å"in which all claims to federal support and funding are assumed to be legitimate (Birkland, 212).† Detractors of distributive policy argue that government is â€Å"catering to clients† often failing to find better alternatives (Mitchell, 2014). An example of distributive property would be the Hurricane Sandy Relief Bill, which was labeled â€Å"Pork-Barrel† spending. The bill would allocate resources to specific districts that needed repair. Those districts and groups would, theoretically, be the only ones to benefit from said resources. Redistributive Redistributive policies are those â€Å"that takes a resource from one identifiable group and gives a benefit to another readily identifiable group (Birkland, 213).† Arguably the most contentious typology, redistributive policies involve taking some â€Å"valued public asset† from one group and allocating it to another (Mitchell, 2014). Affirmative action is an example of redistributive policy. It was series of policies and mandates that strove to provide minorities equal access to housing, educational, and employment opportunities, (Garrison-Wade, 24). Institutions of higher education began recruiting minorities in efforts to diversify their predominantly white population. Such policies were highly contentious as seen in... ...els. With issues such as unemployment and minimum wage, the issue has been debated and no new legislation has surfaced. President Obama has turned to these â€Å"workarounds† of collaborating with companies that help tackle his agenda initiatives due to a need for action. My argument would be, anyone that can contribute to fixing a problem, no matter how insignificant the contribution may seem, has a responsibility t do so. One of my classmates suggested that it wasn’t the president’s role to be involved in these matters. However, the role of the president has often been to use â€Å"the considerable prestige of the office to persuade people (Birkland, 108).† As long as there is logic and transparency in interlocal collaborative networks, Public-Private collaborations, and workarounds to federal legislation, citizens will still have opportunity to voice concerns and dissent.

Creating Tension in An Inspector Calls Essay -- An Inspector Calls J,B

Creating Tension in An Inspector Calls An inspector calls is a play written by the author J.B. Priestley. The play is set in the industrial city of Brumley in the North Midlands, in the year of 1912. Act one begins in the family home of the Birling's, at the celebration of the engagement of Mr Birling's daughter. The Birling family at first impression are seen to the audience as a wonderful, prosperous family who live in luxury life style in a big lavish home with a high social status. Arthur Birling is the father of the family; he is a heavy looking, rather portentous man in his middle fifties, with fairly easy manners. He is shown to be self-centred, arrogant and someone who believes that he is always right, he also has a lot to say - thought by many as too much. He is portrayed to the audience as being a selfish man, this is shown in many ways through out the play, but the main factor shown is that he was Lord Mayor of the town a few years back and takes this as an advantage to gain self respect from others by using his former community stature to increase his present stature of the manufacturer of the Birling family business. His wife Sybil is about fifty, she is a rather cold woman and her husband's social superior. She has been for the past few years and currently still is the chairwoman, for the town's unemployment charity, it is she who decides which women will receive the unemployment benefit and if their reasons are applicable. She takes this job very seriously and believes it gives her a warrant to be a superior of the town, a woman who classes herself as a very high class in the hierarchy above anyone else. The daughter of the family is the very attractive and pretty Sheila, .. ... challenges the characters in the play. The big question from the author is are we morally blind to the suffering of the poor and are we aware that much of the pleasure we get from life comes from the exploitation of the poor. At the end of the play things turn out to become very eerie as of the call to Mr Birling, which confuses absolutely all of the characters. J.B. Priestley uses inspector Goole as a catalyst towards the Birling family, he is meant as a dramatic device deliberately used by the author to explore his ideas. This is meant to make the family come to a realisation of that poorer people than themselves are actually people with true feelings, and the telephone call at the end warning them that a inspector is about to arrive with questions as to a suicide will reveal weather they have learnt anything about the poorer than themselves.

Close Analysis on Hippolyta a Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

Hippolyta is a dominant character in the play; A Midsummer night’s dream. Some views on the play may suggest that Shakespeare represented her as the Queen- Queen Elizabeth I. This may be illustrated through Act 4 Scene 1 where Hippolyta marries Theseus and becomes the Queen of the Amazons. Shakespeare bases Hippolyta’s character on the ancient Plutarch’s portrayal of her in his ‘life of Theseus’. This ideology covers the big mythological battle between Theseus and the Amazons. In the play Hippolyta uses long silences when speaking, this could show her expressions towards her wedding; there is no hurry for her wedding night. There are slight disagreements between Hippolyta and Theseus in the play where it is shown that they have a tense relationship, and the long silences used represents anger. ‘Four days will quickly steep themselves in night, four nights will quickly dream away the time’ is a memorable quote in the play. It can be viewed by some readers that it represents the disagreements between the couple; showing animosity, tension and anger. In the Elizabethan times, society was patriarchal; where the males were the dominant figure heads. The Elizabethan views on the Amazons were that they are a symbol of passion that should be governed by reason. In this idea the reason would be men; therefore Hippolyta has an acceptance of being a ‘trophy wife’ to Theseus where he is in control. As men are known as reason, women are known for emotion. Women should be governed by men in Elizabethan times and therefore in today’s society the text could be perceived in different ways. The Faerie Queen’ a narrative poem by Edmund Spencer had the same idea that women should be governed by men as they were produced in the same era. Hippolyta shows how men are controlling as in act 4 scene 1 she shows the power in which men have; ‘I was with Hercules and Cadmus once, when in a wood of Crete they bayed the bear’. This illustrates the ideology of the Elizabethan era, where no only are men controlling and powerful but also protective. A critic Louis Adrian Montrose had a view on the play in which Hippolyta’s submission to Theseus enacts as a fantasy about a female ruler submitting to male authority. This is what Queen Elizabeth I refused to do. Hippolyta can be seen to be a bit of a romantic, when Titania confesses about one of her sexual affairs and accuses Oberon of having a steamy relationship with Hippolyta; ‘the bouncing Amazon†¦ Your warrior love’. The Elizabethan audience would expect the queen of Amazons to be defeated as she represents passion and therefore this is used as reassurance. The account of ‘moon’ is used and interpreted in many different ways in the plays, Hippolyta says ‘Moon†¦ like a silver bow’. This is reassurance that she is not going to get defeated as this creates an image of a bow carrying Amazon women. The educated Elizabethan audience would see the moon as an image of Diana; she is the Goddess of Hunting, fertility and justity. However the moon can represent that itself. She also uses the moon many times in the play to represent good spirits, ‘the moon shines with a good grace’. Hippolyta can be seen as a nice and thoughtful character as she shows a concern for Hermia at the beginning of the play. Although Hippolyta is sympathetic for the lovers, she turns out to be quite a snob as she critics the mechanicals throughout their bumbling and amateur performance. As she says ‘I love not see wretchedness o’er charged.. , when duty in his service perishing. This means that Hippolyta hates to look at poor people especially when they are such lousy actors. She also shows an open mindedness for the lover’s adventures. She may show a fear that the mechanicals might be humiliated.

Environmental Psychology Essay

Environmental psychology is the study of transactions between individuals and their physical settings (Gifford, 2007a). In these transactions, individuals change their environments, and their behavior and experiences are changed by their environments. It includes theory, research, and practice aimed at making the built environment more humane and improving human relations with the natural environment. Considering the enormous investment society makes in the physical environment (including buildings, parks, streets, the atmosphere, and water) and the huge cost of misusing nature and natural resources, environmental psychology is a key component of both human and environmental welfare. Environmental psychologists work at three levels of analysis: (a) fundamental psychological processes like perception of the environment, spatial cognition, and personality as they filter and structure human experience and behavior, (b) the management of social space: personal space, territoriality, crowding, and privacy, and the physical setting aspects of complex everyday behaviors, such as working, learning, living in a residence and community, and (c) human interactions with nature and the role of psychology in climate change (e.g., Gifford, 2008a). The history of environmental psychology has been reviewed elsewhere (see Bechtel & Churchman, 2002, Bell, Greene, Fisher, & Baum, 2001, and Gifford, 2007a). But, for perspective, we note that early 20th century psychologists studied the effect of noise (United States) and heat (England) on work performance, while scholars in Germany and Japan explored concepts and moral philosophy related to environmental psychology. By mid-century, environmental psychology was a clearly established discipline with work on topics such as sensory isolation, personal space, and building design. Journals devoted to the field were established; the most prominent of these are the Journal of Environmental Psychology and Environment and Behavior. The IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology, First Edition. Edited by Paul R. Martin, Fanny M. Cheung, Michael C. Knowles, Michael Kyrios, Lyn Littlefield, J. Bruce Overmier, and Josà © M. Prieto.  © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. c18.indd 440 11/25/2010 8:54:04 PMMartin—IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology Se Environmental Psychology 441 While recognizing the value of theory and research, many environmental psychologists nevertheless prefer to apply knowledge. Instead of working in an research setting, many enter into consultancy or public service to make good use of research findings for developing policy or solving local problems. Some are geared to improving the built environment (e.g., Preiser, Vischer, & White, 1991), while others are dedicated to overcoming sustainability problems in the natural and global ecosystems (e.g., Gifford, 2007b; Nickerson, 2003). The Distinctiveness of Environmental Psychology Most psychologists examine the relations between environmental stimuli and human responses in one way or another. However, what sets environmental psychology apart is its commitment to research and practice that subscribe to these goals and principles: (a) Improve the built environment and stewardship of natural resources, (b) Study everyday settings (or close simulations of them), (c) Consider person and setting as a holistic entity, (d) Recognize that individuals actively cope with and shape environments; they do not passively respond to environmental forces, (e) Work in conjunction with other disciplines. Figure 18.1 broadly depicts the scope of environmental psychology.