Preventing Disease and Promoting Health Essay -- Health and Wellness

Early detection of certain diseases, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD), and which incorporates approaches that implement lifestyle changes, medication, and counseling, has the potential to alter the course of the devastation the disease can cause (Murimi & Harpel, 2010). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends regular examination of obesity and health-related issues, such as cardiovascular screenings for everyone (Murimi & Harpel, 2010). Documented research demonstrates that a healthy lifestyle that includes a proper diet, exercise, no smoking, and limited alcohol decreases the risk of CVD (Gordon, Lavoie, Arsenault, Ditto, & Bacon, 2008). Kehler, Christensen, Risor, Lauritzen, and Christensen (2009) reported that patients who had a discussion with their doctor about cardiovascular disease including information about the disease, knowledge about the disease, and perception of risk and prevention strategies indicated that they were able to incorporate healthy lifestyle changes into their diet. Many respondents reported feeling relief and empowerment following the conversation with their doctor (Kehler et al., 2009). Lifestyle changes suggested for a client could include quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, engaging in a heart healthy diet, exercising, losing weight, taking medication as prescribed, and finding ways to relieve stress. Lack of compliance related to the identified lifestyle changes is an issue. Sargeant, Valli, Ferrier and MacLeod (2008) suggest that it is very difficult for individuals to change comfortable and enjoyable behaviors in which they have been engaged their entire lives. There are many reasons clients do not comply, and finding ways to facilitate compliance is a key role o... ...08). Health behaviors and endothelial function. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 5-21. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9129-0 Kehler, D., Christensen, M. B., Risor, M. B., Lauritzen, T., & Christensen, B. (2009). Self-reported cognitive and emotional effects and lifestyle changes shortly after preventive cardiovascular consultations in general practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 27(2), 104-110. doi:10.1080/02813430902793563 Murimi, M. W., & Harpel, T. (2010). Practicing preventive health: The underlying culture among low-income rural populations. The Journal of Rural Health, 26(3), 273-282. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00289.x Sargeant, J., Valli, M., Ferrier, S., & MacLeod, H. (2008). Lifestyle counseling in primary care: Opportunities and challenges for changing practice. Medical Teacher, 30(2), 185-191. doi:10.1080/01421590701802281

Analysis of Dis Poetry by Benjamin Zephaniah Download this essay Print Save Essay

In ‘Dis Poetry’, Zephaniah portrays many ideas about his opinion on poetry, and he also portrays his personal experience with poetry, and how poetry affects him as a person. Through his poem, he aims to break many of the stereotypes surrounding poetry, and how it should be something that is accessible to all, rather than just the elite or well-read One of the main ideas that Zephaniah portrays in this poem is that poem is all about ‘freedom of expression’, and that it is meant for everyone. He initially writes how ‘dis poetry is not Party Political’, which could be used to suggest that poetry is not meant to affect the real world, and should be taken too seriously, but is instead simply something that everyone can enjoy. The fact that he writes ‘I’ve tried Shakespeare, but dis is de stuff I like’ goes to show how people should not be confined to specific types of poetry, or forced to respect poetry from history, but instead that everyone should be allowed to enjoy whatever form of poetry pleases them. Zephaniah also writes how ‘dis poetry is fer de wise an foolish’, which further illustrates his point that poetry should be accessible to all. He also writes how ‘anybody can do it fe free’ and that ‘dis poetry is fe yu an me’, further showcasing his views on how poetry should be widespread and accessible. He ends the poem with the phrase ‘It goes to yu WID LUV. This shows how Zephaniah believes uses this poem as a message, and the full stop after LUV could be used to emphasise this ‘LUV’, and show Zephaniah’s affection behind the message. Because Zephaniah believed in the need for multicultural acceptance, this poem could be used as a message to portray how everyone should be allowed to enjoy whatever poetry they like, not depending on their background, and this ‘LUV’ possibly is used to show Zephaniah’s love to these other cultures. Zephaniah also suggests that, in his opinion, poetry does not necessarily need to have any sort of structure or seriousness. He states how it is ‘not designed fe dose who are critical’, which is used to show that the poetry should just be accepted as it is instead of being over analysed and scrutinised. In addition, he states how ‘no big words [are] involved’ and that ‘pages of written words’ are ‘not needed’, showing that he believes that poetry is all about the meaning behind the words, as well as the ‘riddim’ rather than how it is presented or structured, and the fact that there are ‘no big words’ shows how poetry should be accessible to everyone, not just those who are well-read. Furthermore, the great use of enjambment in this poem, as well as the sections where it breaks out of structure during the ‘chant’, showcases Zephaniah’s beliefs that a strict structure is not required, and the fact that the message of the poem is still very evident shows how a poem does not need ‘long words’ and a ‘structure’ to convey a strong message. Zephaniah also portrays the way in which poetry is a way of life. He writes how it ‘is wid me when I gu to me bed’ and how ‘It gets into me dreadlocks’, showing how his life essentially revolves around poetry. Furthermore, he writes how ‘if I hav a problem de riddim gets it solved’, which shows how important poetry is to him, and how it plays an important role in his life. He also writes how he ‘chants in de morning, in de night and in de darkness’, suggesting that poetry is a part of his life throughout the entire day. The change in structure and rhyme during this part of the poem could also possibly be symbolic of how poetry takes over his mind and behaviour, and how this is essentially a ‘stream of consciousness’. This is further compounded upon through the way in which he states ‘when I am talking to meself in poetry I talk, showing how poetry is now part of his mind. However, alternatively, it could also be used negatively, and that Zephaniah’s emphasis on poetry has resulted in a change of his personality. Overall, Zephaniah uses this poem to some what break the stereotypes about poetry, that it is only meant for those who are wise, well-read and analytical, by instead portraying how it should be accessible to all, and it is unnecessary for poetry to be so serious.

English Literature: The Novel Essay

The depiction of a woman as an emancipated slave has been traditional to Victorian literary period. Numerous novels and literary works were written in the form of a female gender scream, which did not change a woman’s position in the then society, but on the contrary, confirmed the unchanging social prejudices towards women. Gender identities and the related social issues have become the central elements of the two novels: Eliza Haywood’s â€Å"Fantomina† and Wilkie Collins’s â€Å"The Woman in White†. The two novels have shown that the social structure of the Victorian society did not give any space for free expression of the female gender identity. Moreover, by crossing the boundaries of the appropriate behaviour, women did not revive their female gender identity, but doomed themselves to social and spiritual failure. The two novels discuss the female prominence in the face of social threats, which usually appeared in the form of gender prejudices, norms, and gender threats. No matter, what a woman could be, â€Å"The Woman in White† and â€Å"Fantomina† prove the irresistible female striving towards self-identification. It seems that both Collins and Haywood show, how women of the Victorian society were trying to preserve their inner world, the female identity, and their female â€Å"face†, even when that face had to be hidden under masquerade masks. â€Å"Through the use of masquerade and deception, many of Haywood’s characters freely give up their virtue, while others hold strong to it, making them vulnerable and subject to greater consequences. † Self-identification and masquerade initially seem the two incompatible elements. However, such combination makes the female struggle for their self-identification even more arduous and painful. The Victorian society puts a woman in a position, in which masquerade serves the best saviour from the pressured reality: the reality pressured by norms, prejudices, and increasing male domination. Among the middle classes, patterns of employment, with the increasing separation of home and working environment, and the rise of commuting, together with the consolidation of the assumption that a male head of a household should be able to provide for the female members of his family, without them having to take paid work, contributed to the establishment of clearly demarcated leisure time and space for both women and men† (Flint 2001, 19) However, while male dominance and male financial superiority gave men excessive freedom and sufficient space for exercising their leisure desires, women were totally deprived of such freedom rights. â€Å"The Woman in White† and â€Å"Fantomina† are the two stories â€Å"of what a Woman’s patience can endure, and what a Man’s resolution can achieve. † The unbearable strength of the female character, imagination, and inventiveness strike the reader. The masquerade and the male desire to deprive a woman of the already lost identity becomes a revelation for the contemporary reader. The use of masquerade, deception, pain, and suffering leads a woman to the situation, when she is no longer able to distinguish the truth from lies, but where she continues challenging gender and social hierarchies. â€Å"The narrative space presents a struggle for authority that ultimately reaffirms the social and institutional status quo. Those individuals who threaten and transgress conventional boundaries of law, narrative, and gender are punished. † On the one hand, such striving to re-affirm social female authority does not lead to any positive consequences. On the other hand, women in Victorian novels exhibit their preoccupation with their real social position and the opportunities they possess to change this position. â€Å"She no sooner heard he left the Town, than making Pretence to her Aunt, that she was going to visit a relation in the Country, went towards Bath, attended by two Servants, who she found Reasons to quarrel with on the Road and discharg’d: Clothing herself in a Habit she had brought with her, she forsook the Coach, and went into a Waggon, in which Equipage she arriv’d at Bath† (Haywood 2004, 65) The two novels re-affirm the discussed struggle for authority in the two different forms: while Fantomina uses masquerade as the means to confirm her superiority over Beauplaisir, Collins’s woman herself becomes the victim of such masquerading male ambitions: â€Å"What had I done? Assisted the victim of the most horrible of all false imprisonments to escape; or case loose on the wide world of London an unfortunate creature, whose actions it was my duty, and every man’s duty, mercifully to control? † This scream of conscience has actually become the expression of the unfortunate and unbearable social position of a woman. To mercifully control – that was the task of the Victorian society in terms of every woman. Patriarchal traditions have led the women of the Victorian age to the most false and horrible imprisonments which a society could create: that imprisonment appeared in the form of societal dominance over female identity in general, and over the behaviour of separate married and unmarried women, in particular. Although Eliza Haywood implies that unmarried women are especially vulnerable to societal attitudes towards them, Wilkie Collins refutes this idea and shows that a married woman is very likely to lose her spiritual authenticity under the pressure of male dominant influence. Even despite the never-ending way to gender freedom, women in these two novels face the wall of misunderstanding and never changing social attitudes. It seems that by reading both novels, we create an objective picture of what a woman could be in Victorian society. A woman could either choose the pathway of social struggle, or to become a victim of this struggle between men. It seems that both authors were trying to reassure their readers in that the described events and the described gender struggles had nothing to do with their Victorian reality. By punishing their women for what they wanted to achieve, Haywood and Collins tried to decrease the significance of their writing, and to show the prevalence of social identity over personal feelings and thoughts of women. Masquerade and madness – these are the two identical lines, which Haywood and Collins exercise to prove their righteousness, and not to be blamed for being too open with their readers. Madness and masquerade – these identical lines lead women to their ultimate moral and spiritual failure, which re-defines their social position and shows that any â€Å"mad† desire to break social norms cannot lead to anything good. â€Å"The rifled charms of Fantomina soon lost their Poignancy, and grew tasteless and insipid; and when the Season of the Year inviting the Company to the Bath, she offer’d to accompany him, he made an Excuse to go without her. † Fantomina’s masquerading attempts and plans ultimately lead her to losing her virtue, but she acquires a new feeling of something inevitable in her life. Masquerade for Fantomina becomes a double failure, expressed in continued disguise which gradually becomes insipid, and in awarding Fantomina â€Å"with Child. † The masquerade has not certainly been the best solution to protect Fantomina from losing her identity, although in many instances, such masquerade has been the only means to be herself. Byrd writes that â€Å"The game could not go on forever, because it began with deceit. Perhaps if the heroine had seduced Beauplaisir under different circumstances with her honour and virtue still in tact, they would have been able to live happily under the confines of marriage. † (738) However, in this passage Byrd either lies to herself, or appears extremely subjective in her judgments. First of all, Fantomina had no other way but to initiate her love affair with Beauplaisir through deceit. Victorian society did not forgive freedom of behaviour and gender expression by unmarried women. Second, although Haywood implies that true love cannot be founded on disguise and lies, the society did not give Fantomina any other chance to conquer Beauplaisir. Third, by suggesting that a marriage could become a glorious opportunity for Fantomina, Byrd initially denies the irreversible consequences a marriage could bring to a woman, as in case with Collin’s â€Å"The Woman in White. † Marriage, about which Byrd writes, in Collin’s plot serves the role of â€Å"managing women’s minds who in different ways stand as figures of deviance and transgression; and in doing so, it offers to Collins’s more conventional readers a reassuring reestablishment of the social order and woman’s place within it. † What has Marian achieved by writing to Laura’s lawyer to inform about Persival’s and Fosco’s plot? What has Marian achieved by taking over the partially masculine features of being less passive, more mobile, and significantly more decisive in her actions? The reader may approve her for holding sufficient courage to fight against the societal circumstances, but the reality proves the opposite. Although Marian is confident that â€Å"Laura’s life itself might depend† on her â€Å"quick ears and faithful memory† , the Victorian society does not give Marian a reliable chance to prove her abilities and the right to exercise her gender identity to the fullest. Her diary (a textual expression) and her body and soul (spiritual expression) are severely punished as soon as she leaves her home and transgresses â€Å"the boundaries of the appropriate behaviour. † Marian’s behaviour and empty strivings again and again re-affirm the position which Haywood took in her Fantomina, and which Collins was initially trying to take in his â€Å"The Woman in White. † Victorian society does not forgive such trespassing. The punishment for breaking the boundaries of the socially appropriate behaviour may take various forms, from false asylum imprisonment, to pregnancy or illness. Marian’s eyes become â€Å"large and wild, and looking at me with a strange terror in them [†¦] pain and fear and grief written on her as with a brand. † In the light of Victorian orthodox traditions of gender identity, Marian may appear an unwomanly woman. Even when the sound of pen’s scraping is replaced by the sound of dress’ rustling, the society does not grant Marian with feminine identity anymore. It becomes evident that as soon as a woman dares to pass the limits of the usual female behaviour she is forever tied to new stereotypes, and has no chance to return to her previous realities. Simultaneously, none of the women described by Haywood and Collins displays any slight desire to again become â€Å"nothing but a woman, condemned to patience, propriety, and petticoats for life. † Conclusion Collins ends his novel with the spirit of â€Å"a good woman† which Marion represents. Her painful transformation asserts the status quo of Victorian gender traditions, and the social weakness of a woman who decides to break them. It is very probable, that both Collins and Haywood display a growing concern of what a woman could be if a man left her â€Å"to act as the pleased. † Collins and Haywood evidently fail to lead their women to the victory of their gender identities, and seem to choose another way as soon as each of the female characters reaches â€Å"the middle of the bridge†. Both novels start with the encouraging desire to prove that society is tragically and disastrously wrong in depriving women of their social and spiritual identity. Both show female strength and endurance in the face of the threats, which the Victorian society could pose on them. The novels reflect a similar â€Å"kind of tension between an identification with transgressive figures who challenge social conventions and a distinct uneasiness about the full economic and legal empowerment of those resolute women who so attracted men. † (Byrd 1997, 737) With the development of each novel’s plot, both authors become explicitly troubled with what consequences the freedom of female identity can cause. Certainly, Collins and Haywood have succeeded in depicting their women as pressured by the irrelevant and unnecessary societal norms. Simultaneously, they have created an impression of the inevitability of social punishment for breaking the boundaries of the appropriate social norms. By reading both novels, the reader acquires full understanding of what a woman had to experience and to endure under the pressure of Victorian male dominance. Despite the fact, that Haywood initially judges and sympathises with the social position of an unmarried woman, the life of a married woman in Collin’s view appears no better than that of Fantomina, who has lost her virtue before being bound by any socially meaningful marriage ties. Both authors have successfully shown the inevitable inequality of social position between men and women in Victorian era: Laura, Marian, and Fantomina are the three victims of excessive societal control over their true female identities. BIBLIOGRAPHY Byrd, A. â€Å"Eliza Haywood: The Rise of the Woman Novelist and Her Response to Feminine Desire Through the Form of the Masquerade. † The Modern Language Review 92, no. 3 (1997): 734-39. Collins, W. The Woman in White. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford Paperbacks, 1998. Craft, Catherine A.â€Å"Reworking Male Models: Aphra Behn’s â€Å"fair Vow-Breaker†, Eliza Haywood’s â€Å"Fantomina†, and Charlotte Lennox’s â€Å"Female Quixote†. The Modern Language Review 86, no. 4 (1991): 821-38. Flint, K. â€Å"The Victorian Novel and Its Readers. † In D. Deirdre ed. , 17-36. The Cambridge Companion to the Victorian Novel, Cambridge: CUP, 2001. Gaylin, A. â€Å"The Madwoman Outside the Attic: Eavesdropping and Narrative Agency in ‘The Woman in White’ (Critical essay)†. Texas Studies in Literature and Language 43, no. 2 (2001): 304-33. Haywood, E. Fantomina and other works. Broadview Press Ltd, Canada, 2004.

Advertising Campaigns in Banking Using Images of Famous People Essay

Today, banking services look very similar to each other. While comparing various products, a customer has often no idea which one is the best for him and he does not even know how they differ from each other. In order to understand the difference between them, it requires a thorough analysis, for which a potential buyer does not have enough time. In most cases, the choice of customers is based on irrational considerations. By observing recent advertisements in banking sector, I came to conclusion that most of them are becoming less informative and more focused on creating a positive image of the bank and its product. This creates an impression that the product or service is essential to the customer and its possession or use of service means that the buyer belongs to a group of â€Å"the wise† or â€Å"better ones† who are â€Å"well chosen†. Further observations has shown that it is becoming increasingly popular to use celebrities in advertisements of well-known banks, as public has sympathy, respect and trust towards those people. These advertisements include actors, successful athletes and popular personalities from the media world. The common feature of these various industry representatives is their universal recognition. Therefore, the subject of this work is to look at how banks are creating a positive image though their advertising campaigns by using celebrities. The goal of my work is to present the role of the brand, the essence of advertising, as well as to demonstrate the specific marketing activities with the use of recognition of famous people. The first part provides information on the purpose of advertising, its functions and types. The second part shows how branding is done with the help of famous people in Russia. Lastly, I will conclude the research by evaluating advertising activities in banking sector and their effectiveness. Advertising Advertising is usually presented as a message that aims to increase demand and thus sales of a certain product. However, this definition is incomplete and should be supplemented by two important elements. The first one concerns the creation of advertising in order to reduce demand. An example could be an anti-smoking or anti-alcohol campaign. The second element is to present advertising as a combination of information and persuasion, prompting the customer to buy the product with better selectiveness. Since advertising is a broad concept, it is understood in many ways. Philip Kotler says that advertising is a measure of information and propaganda, designed to increase the level of knowledge of brand, product and company of its customers or potential customers. However, Belch & Belch write that advertising is any form of communication about a product, organisation, ideas or services originating from a distinct source, facing the environment. The most common purpose of advertising is to create customer awareness of the existence of a company, product or brand. The customer should spontaneously recall the advertised name, and at the same time be encouraged to re-purchase. Another objective is to maintain positive beliefs about the image and to create the best possible relationship with the client. These objectives could not be achieved only by using advertisements, as an integrated marketing plan is required for those purposes. Another function is related to the issuing of competitive messages in response to competitors’ advertising messages. The main objective is to increase the attractiveness of their products. Another way is to weaken the position of the competition by presenting their products from a weaker side. There are also two major function of advertisements. Consumer advertising – targeted at specific customers. A significant number of advertisements on television, radio or newspaper is consumer-based. A characteristic feature of these ads is that it is financed by the manufacturer or dealer who sells the product. Advertising to the companies – also known as industrial, commercial and so-called business advertising. The vast majority of advertisements related to consumer is located in all types of media. Business advertising presents in specialised publications or professional journals. The objectives and functions of advertising divide them into two more elements: Advertisement is designed in order to stimulate demand for the product, such as American cigarettes, fruit from Morocco, Polish chocolate. It is used in one of two situations. The first is part is when a product is getting launched. It is called pioneer advertising. The creation of such advertising is associated with the implementation of the following three objectives: 1) To introducing a new product to market.  2) To affect selected markets, simplification of the contractors carrying out the tasks. 3) To inform the pioneer. The second element is connected to advertising to maintain the demand. Such advertising is used throughout the product life cycle and seeks to maintain or stimulate demand. It is also important to mention, that the selective demand advertising is different from the main demand advertising which is designed to stimulate demand for individual brands. It is a competitive advertising that appears in the second product life cycle, when there are already competitive products on the market. The company is trying to gain an advantage through the promotion, so that customers remember those product. This is usually done by highlighting the advantages and unique advantages of the product over a competitor. Another form of selective demand advertising is comparative advertising. Creating brand by using the image of famous people A company that wants to effectively advertise its brand, should not reserve funds for advertising campaigns. Power of the media is unbelievably huge these days. Media is considered as a â€Å"fourth power† in terms of influence on public. Regarding the banking sector in Russia, it is becoming increasingly popular to use images of famous people in advertisements. It comes to media operations, whose primary objective is to create the brand advertising, where the actor or another person from the world of politics, business, etc. represents the business and associated with the product. Mechanics of this advertising method is simple: â€Å"This famous person uses the services of the bank N. So it’s a good bank and you can trust it.† This advertising method has several advantages: 1) The fame of celebrity and his character is applied to the brand. 2) If a customer feels confident towards the celebrity, this confidence will be applied to a brand. Increased brand loyalty among fans of celebrities. 3) The client is more prepared to use products and services and has positive attitude towards the brand reduces attention to the price. An example of a effective application of such a strategy is the brand image advertising campaign of VTB 24, which began back in 2008. The campaign was built on attracting celebrities to advertise the bank as a reliable, stable institution that can be trusted. Those celebrities where: a coach Tatiana Tarasova, actresses Ingeborg Dapkunayte and CHulpan Hamatova, composer Igor Sharp, etc. â€Å"Shall I call a few celebrities – this is the safest option, because you can work on different audiences at the same time† – believes the managing director of BBDO Branding Olga Konovalova. However, some experts pointed out that a participation of an actor Konstantin Khabenksy was not entirely successful the campaign . Usually his characters have unpredictable personality: they do not represent the stability that people are willing to see in the bank. Overall, Young & Rubicam advertising agency believes that this strategy seems to be justified. This campaign helped to create an image of VTB 24 as one of the most stable and popular among celebrities banks. Moreover, the brand recognition of this bank increased from 34 to 45%. But not all advertising campaigns became successful. â€Å"At the first glance I thought I was imagining things† – that was the reaction of most passers-by when they first saw the billboards of the bank â€Å"Trust† with an image of Bruce Willis. For the first time on the territory of the former Soviet Union such a global megastar was participating in the Russian advertising campaign. Vice-President of â€Å"Trust† Communications Dmitry Chukseev binds him choice of Bruce Willis with the results of studies that have shown that he is an absolute leader in the aggregate index of perception of the target audience. The use of celebrities in advertising has serious drawbacks, such as: 1) The risk choosing a wrong celebrity. â€Å"Money down the drain† if a celebrity is not popular among target consumers. 2) The risk of damaging the brand image in the case of a celebrity scandal. The risk of damaging the brand image in the case if celebrity is advertising some other brands. According to sociological research, advertising by using celebrities will be less in demand over time. In 2010, the American edition of Ad Age found that the modern public wants to get as much information in advertising as possible and it is this, rather than the popularity of the characters which is taken into account when banks are thinking of the next marketing move. A study of Ace Metrix found that advertising of financial services with celebrities does not generate high consumer confidence, besides celebrities distract the consumers’ attention on a product. Conclusion Advertising is created to promote the product. It is designed to convince customers to accept the product and purchase it. A form of advertisement should represent advantages of products and services promoted and show the benefits of the product to the customers. Advertising should involve means and methods that will effectively allow the transfer of your content to consumer. Today, advertising has almost the status of art. The advertising message is often intended not only to promote the product, but also to shock the customer and cause him to experience the product emotionally. Effectively formulated advertising message not only encourages the recipient to purchase a product, but also allows to encode in his mind, which in tern affects consumer’s preferences. The aim of this study was to show how the banks influence the decisions of customers through the use in advertising of the services of trusted and widely accepted celebrities. People pay attention to such features as sympathy and trust in the â€Å"star†. This confirms that the bank’s branding through advertising campaigns by using images of famous people has a positive affect on the overall brand awareness. Nowadays, due to the continuous changes in the market, the importance of quality and quantity of information is significantly increased. Information overload makes today’s buyer is no longer in a position to observe and analyse the changes. A more developed market, more products and forms of distribution, increased competition between companies means that the role of information significantly increases. Celebrities are no longer needed to raise confidence in the banks. Therefore, banking sector needs to change the trend in the commonly used types of advertisements, which will be characterised by greater efficiency than those involving identifiable persons. Therefore, creating brand by using the image of famous people is no longer perspective. However, this is still a matter of debate.

Authoritarian Parents

Authoritarian Parenting: The Impact on Children. By Matthew J. Miller, Psy. D. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Parenting Types: 1. Authoritarian 2. Authoritative 3. Permissive 4. Neglectful In the early 1960’s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted experiments with parents. These experiments were designed to identify and understand how parents differ in their responses to their children. As a result of the Baumrind study as well as further research, four main styles of parenting were delineated. They are Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, and Neglectful.Each style has its own characteristics as well as effects on children’s development. This article will discuss the impact on children of authoritarian parenting. Authoritarian Parenting For Authoritarian parents, rules are often more important than relationship. Authoritarian parents have many rules and they enforce them. They expect and demand adherence to high standards. Having high standards for the behavior of children is not necessarily a bad thing. However, the way they go about achieving these high standards hurts the relationship between the parent and child.The authoritarian parent often fails to explain the reasoning for the rules. In fact, they do not engage in much conversation with their children regarding the rules. When children ask, â€Å"why? † the response is, â€Å"Because I said so. † Not only does authoritarian parenting impact the current relationship between parent and child, but this type of parenting can have long-term effects on the emotional development of the child even into adulthood. In addition, the impact of this style of parenting can also be felt in the child’s relationship with God.The Current Relationship There is a strong element of fear that pervades an authoritarian household. Much like an authoritarian government, there is compliance with rules, but the compliance is typically not out of love. Children in an authoritarian home c omply out of fear. Fear of punishment and fear of the withholding of affection drives these children to comply. In addition to fear, the child does not feel loved and accepted by their parents. Children are punished for even minor infractions. Often, these punishments do not fit the crime and are overly punitive.Even worse, the punishments often result in relationship consequences which include a withholding of love and affection from the parents to the child. As a result, the child begins to learn that they are loved and accepted for what they do, rather than for who they are. John, a high-school basketball player I met, had this type of relationship with his father. His father would come to all of his games to see him play. While a parent’s presence at a child’s games should be a source of encouragement, for John it was not. If John had a good 2Current Relationship Consequences: 1. Fear 2. Lack of love and acceptance 3. Lost opportunities for guidance game, his fathe r was like a â€Å"Chatty Kathy† doll on the way home. You could not shut him up. On the other hand, if John’s game did not go as well, there was absolute silence. His father would not speak to him. John learned quickly that there were conditions placed on him to received love. He was loved if he performed. He was not love if he did not perform. Children raised by authoritarian parents often are compliant with parental rules.Authoritarian parents point to this compliance as evidence that their style of parenting is working. However, as with many things in life, there is an opportunity cost to decisions we make. Growing up is difficult, especially in this day and age. There are many times that a child will need help and guidance as they grow. When we seek guidance, we tend to seek it from relationships where we feel loved and accepted. Since children of authoritarian homes do not experience love and acceptance from their parents, they will seek counsel from someone outs ide the home, or they may seek no counsel at all.While the authoritarian parent may be a good person who has much wisdom to offer, when it comes to the major issues of life, the children do not seek their counsel. Relationship with God Often our view of God, who Jesus taught us to call Father, is similar to our view of our earthly father. Since our earthly father is visible to us â€Å"†¦We project our and God is not, we project our image of our earthly father onto our image of our earthly heavenly Father. When children grow up with demanding authoritarian parents, they often begin to see God the same way.While father onto our they may be obedient to God, this obedience is out of fear of heavenly Father. † punishment rather than a response to acceptance. Real change in our lives comes when we feel accepted, not when we fear punishment. As a result, children who grow up with authoritarian parents often have a negative view of God. As was stated above regarding their earth ly parents, children who hold an authoritarian view of God will likely not seek to build a deep relationship with Him. We do not seek relationship with those whom we fear. Instead, like Adam and Eve, they will seek to hide from God. Future DevelopmentIn addition to the impact authoritarian parenting has on the current relationship with their parents and their relationship with God, children who grow up in this type of home often experience long-term emotional consequences. These children often have poor social skills, low self-esteem, anger and higher rates of depression and anxiety. In addition, although they may remain compliant, they can develop an overall mistrust of authority. There are many reasons why these issues may develop in children with authoritarian parents. In an authoritarian home, compliance is expected, while independence is discouraged.Because they are taught to follow rules rather than take initiative, they are more capable of following instructions than becoming leaders. They are taught what to think rather than how to think. As a result, these children remain dependent emotionally into adulthood, sometimes even living in the parental home long after what would be considered emotionally healthy. This lack of independence, both emotional and physical, can result in low self-esteem. 3 Children growing up in an authoritarian home, like growing up under an authoritarian regime, experience a loss of control over their own lives.When we come to believe that no matter what we do, we cannot gain actual control Future Consequences: of our own life, eventually a sense of helplessness ensues. This â€Å"learned helplessness† is a major component in the development of 1. Poor social skills depression. This sense of powerlessness does not leave us when we leave the authoritarian parent. Instead, this becomes a deeply 2. Low self-esteem entrenched view of ourselves that can take years to overcome and can impact all future relationships including marital and parenting relationships. 3.Anger Along with a loss of control, children who grow up with 4. Depression authoritarian parents often experience anger at how they are being treated. However, their anger is not typically allowed to be 5. Anxiety expressed. Often the expression of any form of anger in an authoritarian home results in punishment. Where does the anger go? There are typically two ways that anger gets expressed. The first is in either active or passive rebellion against the parent, or, in the future, toward any form of authority. The second way that anger gets expressed is that the child turns the anger inward toward themselves.This internalization of anger also leads to depression. One reason why in the United States there is less violence against the government than in other countries is that our country’s laws encourage and protect freedom of speech. When people feel that their thoughts and feelings have an outlet, they are less prone to resort to viole nce. When people are not free to express themselves, they will tend toward helplessness or rebellion. Finally, children who are raised by authoritarian parents often experience increased anxiety.Because â€Å"wrong† decisions result in harsh punishments, they develop what Freud would describe as an overactive superego. The superego, according to Freud, is the moral branch of personality. It develops to guide us to make right decisions and to avoid punishments. For Christians, the superego includes the Holy Spirit. However, the Holy Spirit is not our only guide to determine the rightness or wrongness of our actions. The superego also includes the internalized values of the important people and structures (like the law) of our lives.As the number of rules increase, so does the superego. Anxiety is both an internal and external manifestation of the struggle to avoid real or perceived punishment. For those with an enlarged superego, the superego acts like the boulder chasing Indi ana Jones chasing us through our lives. In upcoming articles, the three other parenting styles will be discussed along with their impact on children.  © All Rights Reserved (2010). The Center for Christian Counseling & Relationship Development, L. L. C. Pavilions at Greentree, Ste. 303, 12000 Lincoln Dr. W. , Marlton, NJ 08053. (856) 396-0111. 4

Analysis And Comparison Of 2 Sonnets Essay

How Soon Hath Time, by John Milton, and Mutability, by William Wordsworth are two excellent examples of a well-written sonnet. They have their similarities between one another, and also their differences. In the end, however, each is a quality piece of literature. How Soon Hath Time has a rhyme scheme of â€Å"a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a, c, d, e, d, c, e’. Therefore, this is a Petrarchan sonnet. The syntax of this sonnet is very regular. There are major punctuation marks after the fourth and eight lines, in this case periods. These periods effectively divide the octet into two equal quatrains. The sestet is then divided into two sections, the first one being four lines long, followed by a colon. After the colon are the last two lines, concluding both the poem and the sestet. The meter of this poem is also quite regular, it has a smooth rhythm, and flows out of the mouth nicely, for example â€Å"How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth† (accented syllables in italics). This poem is about Life, and Death. It is about how time affects out lives, in particular the life of the author, John Milton. I believe that this poem is partly about how fast time goes by, without us ever fully realizing it. A quote that reinforces this belief is â€Å"How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, / Stol’n on his wing my three-and-twentieth year!†. There is also the theme of â€Å"Time the destroyer’ in this poem, a fairly common theme for sonnets from this era. John Milton reinforces this by personifying time, by capitalizing the â€Å"T’. This poem also refers to how inevitable death is. A quote that reinforces this is â€Å"Yet it be less or more, or soon or slow†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¦.Toward which Time leads me, and the will of Heav’n†. Overall, this is an interesting sonnet, to say the least. It definitely got me thinking about its meaning, which I think was the author’s intent. Mutability has a rhyme scheme of â€Å"a, b, b, a, a, c, c, a, d, a, c, d, c, a’. Therefore, it is a Petrarchan sonnet, although somewhat different than the rhyme scheme of How Soon Hath Time. The syntax of this sonnet is very  irregular, it does not fit the typical structure of a petrarchan sonnet. The first major punctuation break comes at the end of the third line, in the form of a semi-colon. The second major punctuation break comes at the end of the sixth line, in the form of a period. Therefore, this sonnet begins with its sestet, instead of its octet. The octet is divided into two sections by the semi-colon in the middle of the tenth line. However, it’s not divided equally, it’s divided into one that is three and a half lines long, and one that is four and a half lines long. The meter in this poem is fairly normal, with no major irregularities. This poem is about how all things are affected by the chaos in this world. It goes through the different things of this planet that are affected by chaos, including humans, Truth, and Time. The quotes to support this are â€Å"From low to high doth dissolution climb†, â€Å"Truth fails not; but her outward forms that bear the longest date do melt like frosty rime† and â€Å"Some casual shout that broke the silent air, Or the unimaginable touch of Time.†. The broader theme is that bad things affect everything. These are two quality sonnets, and have their similarities and differences. They are similar in that they are both Petrarchan sonnets, with a similar rhyme scheme. They are also similar in that the meter is relatively regular in both of them. They are also similar in that they both have an octet and a sestet, although they are arranged in a different order. One important theme that I believe they have in common is that they both involve in something being destroyed. In How Soon Hath Time, it is life itself that is slowly being destroyed by time. In Mutability, it is everything that is essentially being destroyed by chaos. These two sonnets also have their differences. For example, the arrangement of the octets and sestets is different between the two. Also, the themes are different in that the â€Å"destroyer’ and the â€Å"destroyees’ are different. The syntax in Mutability is also much different than it is in How Soon Hath Time. The syntax in Mutability is much more irregular. Although these sonnets do have their differences, they are both great in that they capture the readers’ attention, and make the reader think. John Milton and William  Wordsworth both obviously knew what they were doing.

Abrahamic Religions Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abrahamic Religions Review - Essay Example istrust between the West and Islamic states can be traced to biased Western media and government authorities that started from the Iranian Revolution up to the Gulf War, and even to the present. Clearly, there are political and economic agenda involved in these misrepresentations of Islam by Western media. In chapter eleven of Global Islamic Politics, Husain shows that Western media and administrations have a love/hate relationship with Islamic states, where America supported authoritarian Islamic regimes that reinforced the former's political and economic hegemony, and then the U.S. was forced to support new administrations that the people themselves established, like what happened after the Iranian Revolution. The War on Terror demonstrates that though Bush differentiated peace-loving Muslims from terrorists, the political and media rhetoric emphasized suspicion against Islamists, which as a whole, as Husain stresses, cannot be generalized as violent revolutionaries. Chapter twelve addresses the growing anti-Americanism attitudes and practices in the Middle East, due to the historical interventions of the U.S. in Islamic states that predominantly served the former's interests and assisted in the repression of these states' subordinates. Quinn traces the history of prejudice and discrimination against Muslims much farther into history, because of lack of information and interaction between Christians and Muslims during the early times. This ignorance and poor experience of Muslim religion and culture created a wide range of bigoted images about Islam. Quinn asserts that non-Muslims' local needs and aspirations became the ?rism(Quinn 161) by which Islam and Muslims are perceived, which affected how the former created and spread Islamic images. Said confirms the... Abrahamic Religions Review These resources also demonstrate the vast misrepresentation of Arab and Muslim cultures and religions in the Western media, because of political and religious agenda of core state nations. Some articles further provide feasible and simple solutions that can help alleviate the distrust between the West and Islamic societIslam and Christianity are different religions, but their â€Å"common root† (Quinn 172) should be enough to bind their believers in the modern world. Bulliet, in The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization, provides a broad historical and comparative analyses of the rise of Islamo-Christian Civilization and he contends that Christianity and Islam should be viewed as â€Å"fraternal twins† (15). He concentrates on the co-existing growth of Islamic and Christian thinking during the ninth century and even several centuries after that. He emphasizes the importance of understanding that the â€Å"past and future of the West cannot be fully comprehended withou t appreciation of the twinned relationship it has had with Islam over some fourteen centuries. The same is true of the Islamic world† (Bulliet 45). ies and to potentially foster multicultural and multireligious tolerance and respect, while also helping Islamic societies achieve domestic goals and interests. Said confirms the negative and incomplete images of Islam projected by Western media and authorities in â€Å"Covering Islam.† He complains on how some influential Western journalists have successfully equated â€Å"fundamentalism† and Islam, and how political interests colored and slanted Western news reporting about any news that concern Muslims or Islam.